Heavy-Duty Combustion Engine 2030: Which Concepts can Contribute to Achieving the CO2 Targets for Commercial Vehicles?

2021 ◽  
pp. 485-501
Author(s):  
Hubertus Ulmer ◽  
Tom George ◽  
Reza Rezaei ◽  
Jan Böhme ◽  
Jörn Seebode
Keyword(s):  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Commercial Vehicles

scholarly journals The Norwegian Vehicle Electrification Policy and Its Implicit Price of Carbon

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1346
Author(s):  
Lasse Fridstrøm
Keyword(s):  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Carbon Price ◽  
Policy Instrument ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Commercial Vehicles ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Electric Cars ◽  
Fiscal Incentives ◽  
Positive Economics

The rapid market uptake of battery and hybrid electric cars in Norway is unparalleled. We examine the fiscal policy instruments behind this development. In essence, the Norwegian policy consists in taxing internal combustion engine vehicles rather than subsidizing electric ones. There are 14 different fiscal incentives in place bearing on vehicles, fuel, or road use. All of them are in some way CO2-differentiated. In the tradition of positive economics, we derive the price of carbon implicit in each policy instrument and in the total package of taxes and subsidies. The price of carbon characterizing the trade-off between conventional and battery electric cars in Norway as of 2019 exceeds €1370 per ton of CO2. For light and heavy-duty commercial vehicles the corresponding prices have been conservatively estimated at €640 and €200 per ton of CO2, respectively. In addition, the penalty incurred by automakers for not meeting their 2020/2021 target under EU Regulation 2019/631 corresponds to a carbon price of the order of €340 per ton of CO2. As compared to the price of emission allowances in the European cap-and-trade system, the price of carbon paid by automakers and Norwegian motorists is one or two orders of magnitude higher.

scholarly journals Optimal Control for a Hydraulic Recuperation System Using Endoreversible Thermodynamics

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 5001
Author(s):  
Robin Masser ◽  
Karl Heinz Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Control ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Hydraulic Systems ◽  
Commercial Vehicles ◽  
Hybrid Drive ◽  
Environmental Considerations ◽  
Onboard System

Energy savings in the traffic sector are of considerable importance for economic and environmental considerations. Recuperation of mechanical energy in commercial vehicles can contribute to this goal. One promising technology rests on hydraulic systems, in particular for trucks which use such system also for other purposes such as lifting cargo or operating a crane. In this work the potential for energy savings is analyzed for commercial vehicles with tipper bodies, as these already have a hydraulic onboard system. The recuperation system is modeled based on endoreversible thermodynamics, thus providing a framework in which realistic driving data can be incorporated. We further used dissipative engine setups for modeling both the hydraulic and combustion engine of the hybrid drive train in order to include realistic efficiency maps. As a result, reduction in fuel consumption of up to 26% as compared to a simple baseline recuperation strategy can be achieved with an optimized recuperation control.

Failure mode investigation and re-design of heavy-duty commercial vehicle bogie bracket

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-415
Author(s):  
P. Thangapazham ◽  
L.A. Kumaraswamidhas ◽  
D. Muruganandam
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Stress ◽  
Suspension System ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Commercial Vehicles ◽  
Road Load ◽  
Road Surfaces ◽  
Strain Data ◽  
Critical Sections ◽  
Bracket Base ◽  
Base Design

Heavy-duty commercial vehicles play a significant role in commodity logistics. For each of these vehicles, the suspension is the most essential system to support the load and road shock. Bogie type suspension system is employed to safeguard the vehicle from road shock. The bogie bracket is a juncture between the chassis and the axle in the suspension system. The bogie bracket has been identified as a critical part of the suspension system. In the present study, bogie bracket base design and modelling was performed using computer-aided engineering (CAE). The strength of the bogie was tested to identify weaker sections. Design modifications were performed to improve the strength on identified critical sections through reinforcement techniques. A road load data acquisition (RLDA) test was conducted under different road conditions to validate CAE results. Five different rough-road road surfaces were chosen for RLDA testing. Using strain gauges, strain data were acquired during the test. Corresponding stress values were obtained and maximum stress was found in all driving conditions. For the base design bogie bracket, under RLDA test, crack initiation and crack propagation were identified under vertical loads. A reinforced bogie bracket was designed and found to have a higher strength and longer expected life than that of the base design.

scholarly journals Drag reduction in a class 8 truck - scaled down model

2018 ◽  
Vol 172 ◽  
pp. 01003
Author(s):  
R Vishwa Krishna. ◽  
R Suwathy. ◽  
M Pragadeesh. ◽  
M Venkatesan.
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Model ◽  
Drag Coefficient ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Commercial Vehicles ◽  
Heavy Load ◽  
Ansys Fluent ◽  
Commercial Code ◽  
Class 8 Truck ◽  
Gap Width ◽  
Front Radius

Trucks are heavy load vehicles used mainly for commercial transport operations. There are several classes of heavy duty commercial vehicles classified based on the weight loaded. More than 50% of the engine output power in such trucks is utilized to overcome the drag. Drag force in automobiles is the resistance offered by air on vehicles at higher speeds. Class 8 trucks suffer higher drag when compared to other classes. In the present work, a numerical model is developed using a commercial code ANSYS FLUENT to predict the drag coefficient value. The effects of gap width and cab front radius with a constant fairing is analysed using the numerical model developed. A Class 8 model truck with minimal drag coefficient having constant fairing and optimized gap width between the trailer and cab is proposed.

Controllable cooling system for heavy-duty commercial vehicles

2016 ◽  
pp. 645-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eberhard Pantow ◽  
David Haar ◽  
Andreas Kleber ◽  
Matthias Banzhaf
Keyword(s):  
Cooling System ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Commercial Vehicles

Cost-Effective Energy Management for Hybrid Electric Heavy-Duty Truck Including Battery Aging

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. H. Pham ◽  
P. P. J. van den Bosch ◽  
J. T. B. A. Kessels ◽  
R. G. M. Huisman
Keyword(s):  
Energy Management ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Battery Life ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Energy Management Strategy ◽  
Battery Power ◽  
Battery Capacity ◽  
Hybrid Electric ◽  
Power Capability

Battery temperature has large impact on battery power capability and battery life time. In Hybrid Electric Heavy-duty trucks (HEVs), the high-voltage battery is normally equipped with an active Battery Thermal Management System (BTMS) guaranteeing a desired battery life time. Since the BTMS can consume a substantial amount of energy, this paper aims at integrating the Energy Management Strategy (EMS) and BTMS to minimize the overall operational cost of the truck (considering diesel fuel cost and battery life time cost). The proposed on-line strategy makes use of the Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS) along with a physics-based approach to optimize both the power split (between the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) and the Motor Generator (MG)) and the BTMS’s operation. The strategy also utilizes a quasi-static battery cycle-life model taking into account the effects of battery power and battery temperature on the battery capacity loss. Simulation results present an appropriate strategy for EMS and BTMS integration, and demonstrate the trade-off between the total vehicle fuel consumption and the battery life time.

Numerical Simulation on Aerodynamic Characteristics of Heavy-Duty Commercial Vehicle

2011 ◽  
Vol 346 ◽  
pp. 477-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhe Zhang ◽  
Ying Chao Zhang ◽  
Jie Li ◽  
Jia Wang
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Fuel Economy ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Aerodynamic Drag ◽  
Aerodynamic Characteristics ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Commercial Vehicles ◽  
Automotive Technology ◽  
New Research

With the development of automotive technology and high-speed highway construction, the speed of the vehicles increase which cause the significant increase in the aerodynamic drag when road vehicles are moving. Thereby the power of the vehicles, fuel economy, operational stability and other properties are affected very seriously. Heavy-duty commercial vehicles as the most efficient way to transport goods on the highway are widely used, and the speed of the vehicles increases faster. Especially the demands for heavy-duty commercial vehicles are increasing in recent years. Reducing the aerodynamic drag by the analysis of external aerodynamic characteristics, improving the fuel economy and reducing energy consumption have become new research topics of heavy-duty commercial vehicles. To make the heavy-duty commercial vehicles meet the national standards of energy saving, a simplified heavy-duty commercial truck model was built in this paper. The numerical simulation of the vehicle was completed based on the theory of the aerodynamics. The aerodynamic characteristics were analyzed, according to the graphs of the pressure distribution, velocity distribution and flow visualization. To improve the aerodynamic characteristics of heavy-duty commercial vehicles, the main drag reduction measures are reducing the vortex of the cab and the container, the end of the container and the bottom of the container.

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