La Equidad en los Tributos; Necesidad de un Régimen Especial Tributario para el Sector Agrario

The objective of the present work consists on demonstrating the necessity of a special tributary treatment for the agricultural activity. The formulated hypothesis sustains that premises that base the necessity from an applicable special tributary regime to the agricultural activity exist. The scientific result consists on a systematizing of the premises that you/they argue the necessity of a special tributary regime for the activity agricultural, such arguments they reside in the own definition of the agricultural activity, its peculiar ones as economic activity, its social relevance and politics and its specialty, as well as the fellow’s features that carries out it and the finalists principles that guide to the juridical mark that governs this activity. Firstly, starting from the analysis and the synthesis and of the deductive method, is carried out a juridical theoretical study to the effects of systematizing the arguments in the doctrine that have referred to the necessity of the fiscal incentives guided to the promotion of the agricultural sector. And a second part, a compared juridical study is undertaken guided to identify the most outstanding normative experiences as for the special tributary treatment for the promotion of the agricultural sector.

AGRICULTURAL INNOVATIONS, EXTENSION, FINANCE AND RURAL LOANS IN THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA: THE CASE OF LOGISTIC REGRESSION

The aim of this article is to examine the impact of the use of agricultural extension, advisory services and agricultural loans on the introduction of agricultural innovations in the Republic of Serbia. Agricultural innovations are incremental changes through which individuals and organizations introduce new or use significantly improved products, services or ways of organizing in order to increase the performance of agriculture. While agricultural extension involves agricultural knowledge, information and skills that are passed on to farmers, their associations and other value chains market actors, agricultural loans are one of the most important financial instruments available to them. In order to investigate the predictive power and influence of these variables, the paper applied the method of binary logistic regression due to the categorical nature of predictors and the dependent variable. Based on the conducted research, the article found that the use of agricultural loans does not have a statistically significant impact on the introduction of agricultural innovations in Serbia, while agricultural extension has. The article concludes that for the further flourishing of agricultural innovations, the development of advisory services, as well as for the development of various fiscal incentives and rural financial instruments, it is necessary to continuously develop the devastated Serbian village and invest more intensively in rural development. This is the only possible way to prevent further waves of rural population emigration to cities, as well as to improve their knowledge, propensity for innovations and livelihoods.

Role of the Law in Achieving Sustainable Urban Development through Fiscal Incentives in Nigeria

As the Nigerian population increasingly becomes urban; the situation has had harmful societal, environmental, health and infrastructural effects on the urban centres. The situation is exacerbated by the fact that the rate of land urbanisation in the country is moving at a slower pace; thereby placing pressure on the existing urban centres. Research conducted on urbanisation in Nigeria has revealed that the rate of urbanisation is unsustainable, serves as a constraint on economic development, and Nigeria’s cities are among the worst to live in. Data on the urbanization policies of various governments, globally, reveals that Nigeria is one of the few countries in the world without a clear urban policy. Meanwhile, Nigeria’s population continues to increase and is expected to have doubled by 2050. It is against this backdrop that this paper undertakes a multidisciplinary study of how the law’s adoption of fiscal incentives can help drive sustainable urban development in Nigeria. This paper argues that this will help the state governments in the decongestion of the existing urban centres (as the population urbanisation increases), ensure the creation of new urban centres, utilise fiscal incentives to attract businesses/ urban population to the new centres, and have sufficient fiscal revenues to sustainably manage the urban centres. This paper comparatively analyses the contribution of China’s legal system to its state-led land urbanization moving at a faster rate than its population urbanisation, thereby avoiding the ills associated with urbanization such as congestion, unemployment, etc. With China and Nigeria sharing a similar decentralized tax and fiscal system, state ownership of land, and a large population; this paper argues that the Chinese model can be adopted successfully in Nigeria.

Electrifying Tourist Mobility in Bali, Indonesia: Setting the Target and Estimating the CO2 Reduction Based on Stated Choice Experiment

The Bali Government has made the implementation of the electric vehicle (EV) policy a high priority considering its attractiveness for emission and air pollution reduction to maintain the sustainability of Bali’s nature and tourism sector. Considering the uniqueness of the tourism sector in Bali and the mobility it generates, this study aims to investigate the factors that influence EV use by tourists based on several scenarios for estimating EV share target and the emission reduction contributed. For those purposes, the stated choice questionnaire was distributed online and offline to tourists in Bali and analyzed using the multinomial logit (MNL) model. While the study done during pandemic times, where the number of the tourist is significantly decreasing and the travel behavior influenced by mobility restriction imposed by the government, the data collection still covered mobility of both international and domestic tourist. The survey found that rental cost and accessibility, as well as the quality of charging stations are factors that affect EV use by tourists. Motorcycle parking cost was also found to influence EV use. These findings align with previous studies, and interventions such as fiscal incentives for rental companies and infrastructure development are suggested similar to EV incentives implemented in China, India, or the US. The development of the low emission zone (LEZ) is also proposed to manage parking fares similar to what was implemented in London, specifically to push the shift from internal combustion engine (ICE) to EV. Based on emission inventory calculation, 1.9 million kg of potential annual CO2 can be prevented with the implementation of these policies by the government.

The perfect storm of personal consumption

The COVID-19 pandemic forced the governments of almost all countries to introduce lockdowns in 2020, which sharply reduced the supply in a number of large service sectors: transport, recreation, catering, tourism. The recession began without a crisis, and the unique supply of cheap money and fiscal incentives prevented the development of a “liquidity crunch”. On the contrary, it led to an increase in stock prices, real estate prices, and a reduction in bankruptcies. There was no drop in the value of pension and investment funds. The working population has faced a reduction in employment in labor-intensive service industries, a violation of traditional lifestyle models. The course of the recession in these conditions has changed the structure of personal consumption in developed countries, with its severe adaptation in medium-developed and less developed countries. The pandemic and the recession have caused an uneven compression of activity and consumption across social strata that leads to an increase in social disparities on exiting the recession. The drivers of the demand-side recovery in developed countries are the growth of investments in housing and durable goods, and developing countries are gradually restoring normal consumption of non-durable goods and exports.

Longitudinal Analysis of the Determinants of Life Expectancy and Healthy Life Expectancy: A Causal Approach

Understanding the determinants of health is essential to designing effective strategies to advance economic growth, reduce disease and disability, and enhance quality of life. We undertake a comprehensive outlook on public health by incorporating three metrics - life expectancy (LE), healthy life expectancy (HLE), and the discrepancy between the two. We investigate the effects of various health and socio-economic factors on these metrics and employ causal machine learning and statistical methods such as propensity score matching, X-learners, and causal forests to calculate treatment effects. An increase in basic water services and public health expenditure significantly increased average LE, whereas high HIV prevalence rates and poverty rates reduced average LE. High GNI per capita and moderate BMI increased HLE while high HIV prevalence rates decreased HLE. Moderate BMI and high GNI per capita expand the gap between HLE and LE, whereas high HIV prevalence rates diminish this gap. Results suggest that policymakers should utilize governmental resources to improve public health infrastructure rather than provide fiscal incentives to encourage private healthcare infrastructure. Additionally, more emphasis should be put on increasing educational levels of the general public by increasing educational expenditure and making educational institutions, public and private, more accountable.

Building the business case for green affordable housing

The emerging business-driven case for green affordable housing reveals six drivers of profitability: 1) access to international green finance flows for better financing terms; 2) minimized incremental cost through early planning; 3) faster sales through market differentiation; 4) savings on utility bills for owners and renters; 5) lowered default rates and superior collateral value for green mortgages; and 6) fiscal and non-fiscal incentives from local or national governments. Additionally, fiscal and non-fiscal incentives from local or national governments can further catalyse the market. Case studies from several emerging markets show that the right combination of government incentives (including non-fiscal policies), education and technical assistance to developers (including a no-cost option), and green finance (including green bonds and green mortgages) can transform housing markets. In order to reflect the total life-time cost of ownership, the concept of affordability in housing should include the impact of resource-efficiency and resilience on the costs and risks of ownership.

The Effects of Management Practices on Effective Tax Rates: Evidence from Ecuador

This paper examines the effects of management practices on effective tax rates (ETR) in a sample of medium and large manufacturing firms in Ecuador. We use a novel data set on management practice scores matched with administrative tax data from the Superintendence of Companies and the Internal Revenue Services of Ecuador based on firms' tax filings. We find that better management practices are positively associated with effective tax rates, defined as the share of tax obligations to profits. This result is robust under various specifications controlling for different covariates, and to different measures of effective tax rates. Furthermore, our findings indicate that the use of fiscal incentives is positively associated with higher effective tax rates. However, firms that use fiscal incentives are able to fatten or reduce their effective tax rates as management practices improved. Overall, our findings suggest that government-sponsored policies that seek to promote better management practices may be self-sustained, if the additional tax revenue expected from better management practices through higher profits is able to cover the cost of the programs.

Information and Analytical Support of Fiscal Incentives to Increase the Competitiveness of the Tourist Complex

The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the development of the tourism industry in Ukraine and to the characteristics of the problem of ensuring its competitiveness. The place of Ukrainian tourism in the world rankings is characterized. The components that hinder the growth of the competitiveness of the tourism industry of Ukraine are identified. The potential of the tourism industry and the need to apply fiscal incentives for its development are described. The existing inconsistency of the application of fiscal incentives with the level of social and economic development of the territory, including their tourist sector, are noted. The problems of the development of investment attractiveness of the tourist complex of Ukraine are characterized. The grouping into managerial, informational, infrastructural, political and legal, economic and social ones are carried out and it becomes the basis for determining the corresponding fiscal incentives to increase the competitiveness of the tourism industry. The reasoning of the use of levers of fiscal incentives in Ukraine for the creation of tourist routes that will combine priority tourist complexes are provided. The recommendations for the introduction of two tourist routes and the use of tools to stimulate their development by attracting investments are given. The features of the use of fiscal instruments to stimulate the competitiveness of the tourist complex are highlighted. The need to form a high-quality statistical base for assessing the competitiveness of the tourist complex that will provide a balanced application of budget incentives are emphasized. The attention is focused on a number of problems in maintaining the statistics of tourism in Ukraine that makes it impossible to analyze the quality of tourist flows. The recommendations to improve the situation are developed. The directions of state support for the competitiveness of the tourist complex are substantiated, and above all, the need to increase the level of development of the tourist infrastructure are pointed out. It is indicated that an effective incentive for the formation of competitive advantages of the tourist complex can be territories of priority development of the tourist type with the appropriate use of fiscal incentives and public-private partnerships.