scholarly journals The Norwegian Vehicle Electrification Policy and Its Implicit Price of Carbon

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1346
Author(s):  
Lasse Fridstrøm
Keyword(s):  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Carbon Price ◽  
Policy Instrument ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Commercial Vehicles ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Electric Cars ◽  
Fiscal Incentives ◽  
Positive Economics

The rapid market uptake of battery and hybrid electric cars in Norway is unparalleled. We examine the fiscal policy instruments behind this development. In essence, the Norwegian policy consists in taxing internal combustion engine vehicles rather than subsidizing electric ones. There are 14 different fiscal incentives in place bearing on vehicles, fuel, or road use. All of them are in some way CO2-differentiated. In the tradition of positive economics, we derive the price of carbon implicit in each policy instrument and in the total package of taxes and subsidies. The price of carbon characterizing the trade-off between conventional and battery electric cars in Norway as of 2019 exceeds €1370 per ton of CO2. For light and heavy-duty commercial vehicles the corresponding prices have been conservatively estimated at €640 and €200 per ton of CO2, respectively. In addition, the penalty incurred by automakers for not meeting their 2020/2021 target under EU Regulation 2019/631 corresponds to a carbon price of the order of €340 per ton of CO2. As compared to the price of emission allowances in the European cap-and-trade system, the price of carbon paid by automakers and Norwegian motorists is one or two orders of magnitude higher.

scholarly journals Forks in the Road to E-Mobility: An Evaluation of Instrument Interaction in National Policy Mixes in Northwest Europe

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Dijk ◽  
Eric Iversen ◽  
Antje Klitkou ◽  
René Kemp ◽  
Simon Bolwig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
National Policy ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Electric Mobility ◽  
Charging Infrastructure ◽  
Electric Cars ◽  
The Road ◽  
Conditional Effects ◽  
Fiscal Incentives ◽  
Policy Mixes ◽  
Coordinated Charging

This paper evaluates how policy shaped the emergence of electric mobility in three countries, Norway, the Netherlands and Denmark, between 2010 and 2015. Whereas previous studies have looked at the effects of separate policy instruments, this paper gives insights in the interaction effects of instruments on the diffusion of battery electric cars between five policy areas. Based on analysis of synergetic, contradictory and pre-conditional effects, we find that an effective policy mix includes: fiscal incentives that mirror the actual carbon footprint of the respective vehicles; non-fiscal demand-side incentives; centrally financed and/or coordinated charging infrastructure; clarity regarding the choice of technology that will be supported. Moreover, development of a domestic, e-mobility-related industry and a high share of renewable energy strengthens the legitimization of e-mobility support. The findings help designing policy mixes in the transition to electric mobility.

Heavy-Duty Combustion Engine 2030: Which Concepts can Contribute to Achieving the CO2 Targets for Commercial Vehicles?

2021 ◽  
pp. 485-501
Author(s):  
Hubertus Ulmer ◽  
Tom George ◽  
Reza Rezaei ◽  
Jan Böhme ◽  
Jörn Seebode
Keyword(s):  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Commercial Vehicles

scholarly journals A RECONSIDERATION OF THE DOCTRINAL FOUNDATIONS OF MONETARY POLICY RULES: FISHER VERSUS CHICAGO

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-82
Author(s):  
George S. Tavlas
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Price Level ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Policy Instrument ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Policy Uncertainty ◽  
Direct Link ◽  
Policy Rule ◽  
Policy Rules ◽  
Monetary Policy Rules

There has long been a presumption that the price-level stabilization frameworks of Irving Fisher and Chicagoans Henry Simons and Lloyd Mints were essentially equivalent. I show that there were subtle, but important, differences in the rationales underlying the policies of Fisher and the Chicagoans. Fisher’s framework involved substantial discretion in the setting of the policy instruments; for the Chicagoans the objective of a policy rule was to tie the hands of the authorities in order to reduce discretion and, thus, monetary policy uncertainty. In contrast to Fisher, the Chicagoans provided assessments of the workings of alternative rules, assessed various criteria—including simplicity and reduction of political pressures—in the specification of rules, and concluded that rules would provide superior performance compared with discretion. Each of these characteristics provided a direct link to the rules-based framework of Milton Friedman. Like Friedman’s framework, Simons’s preferred rule targeted a policy instrument.

scholarly journals Transformation of Sociocultural Integration Policy and Inherent Political Theories in the United Kingdom: A Way Forward

SAGE Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 215824402110074
Author(s):  
Samiul Parvez Ahmed ◽  
Sarwar Uddin Ahmed ◽  
Ikramul Hasan
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Diversity Management ◽  
Policy Instrument ◽  
Management Policy ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Theoretical Argument ◽  
Integration Policy ◽  
The United Kingdom

The contemporary integration policies (Community Cohesion Agenda [CCA]) of the United Kingdom have been criticized for their foundational weaknesses, conceptual inadequacies, myopic views with regard to the complexity of the issue, lack of evidence, and so on. Vast majority of the studies conducted to verify this discourse have been done in the line of theoretical arguments of diversity management rather than exploring their connections to a target community in reality. This study aims at establishing a linkage between the growing theoretical arguments of the integration discourse with empirical data in light of the policy framework of the CCA. We have selected the fastest growing Bangladeshi community of the CCA-adapted Aston City of Birmingham as the representative group of the ethnic minority communities of the United Kingdom. Qualitative data collection approach has been followed, where primary in-depth interviews were conducted on various policy actors, social workers, faith leaders, and Bangladeshi residents of Aston. The entire policy instrument, starting from its broad purposes to operational strategies, has been severely challenged by both residents of the community and relevant policy-implementing bodies in Aston. CCA policies appear to be largely inclined toward the interculturalism/communitarianism ideology rather than to multiculturalism. However, the empirical evidence shows that the need for multiculturalism, to be more specific—Bristol School of Multiculturalism, as a political theory remains in the integration discourse in the context of the United Kingdom. Findings are expected to have implications on practitioners and policy makers in designing diversity management policy instruments by having a wider synthesized view on both theoretical argument and empirical data.

scholarly journals Towards a Circular Economy Taxation Framework: Expectations and Challenges of Implementation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonidas Milios
Keyword(s):  
Circular Economy ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Policy Instrument ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Material Resource ◽  
Waste Hierarchy ◽  
Tax Relief

AbstractThe transition to a circular economy is a complex process requiring wide multi-level and multi-stakeholder engagement and can be facilitated by appropriate policy interventions. Taking stock of the importance of a well-balanced policy mix that includes a variety of complementing policy instruments, the circular economy action plan of the European Union (COM(2020) 98 final) includes a section about “getting the economics right” in which it encourages the application of economic instruments. This contribution presents a comprehensive taxation framework, applied across the life cycle of products. The framework includes (1) a raw material resource tax, (2) reuse/repair tax relief, and (3) a waste hierarchy tax at the end of life of products. The research is based on a mixed method approach, using different sources to analyse the different measures in the framework. More mature concepts, such as material resource taxes, are analysed by reviewing the existing literature. The analysis of tax relief on repairs is based on interviews with stakeholders in Sweden, where this economic policy instrument has been implemented since 2017. Finally, for the waste hierarchy tax, which is a novel proposition in this contribution, macroeconomic modelling is used to analyse potential impacts of future implementation. In all cases, several implementation challenges are identified, and potential solutions are discussed according to literature and empirical sources. Further research is required both at the individual instrument and at the framework level. Each of the tax proposals needs a more detailed examination for its specificities of implementation, following the results of this study.

scholarly journals Optimal Control for a Hydraulic Recuperation System Using Endoreversible Thermodynamics

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 5001
Author(s):  
Robin Masser ◽  
Karl Heinz Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Control ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Hydraulic Systems ◽  
Commercial Vehicles ◽  
Hybrid Drive ◽  
Environmental Considerations ◽  
Onboard System

Energy savings in the traffic sector are of considerable importance for economic and environmental considerations. Recuperation of mechanical energy in commercial vehicles can contribute to this goal. One promising technology rests on hydraulic systems, in particular for trucks which use such system also for other purposes such as lifting cargo or operating a crane. In this work the potential for energy savings is analyzed for commercial vehicles with tipper bodies, as these already have a hydraulic onboard system. The recuperation system is modeled based on endoreversible thermodynamics, thus providing a framework in which realistic driving data can be incorporated. We further used dissipative engine setups for modeling both the hydraulic and combustion engine of the hybrid drive train in order to include realistic efficiency maps. As a result, reduction in fuel consumption of up to 26% as compared to a simple baseline recuperation strategy can be achieved with an optimized recuperation control.

Failure mode investigation and re-design of heavy-duty commercial vehicle bogie bracket

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-415
Author(s):  
P. Thangapazham ◽  
L.A. Kumaraswamidhas ◽  
D. Muruganandam
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Stress ◽  
Suspension System ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Commercial Vehicles ◽  
Road Load ◽  
Road Surfaces ◽  
Strain Data ◽  
Critical Sections ◽  
Bracket Base ◽  
Base Design

Heavy-duty commercial vehicles play a significant role in commodity logistics. For each of these vehicles, the suspension is the most essential system to support the load and road shock. Bogie type suspension system is employed to safeguard the vehicle from road shock. The bogie bracket is a juncture between the chassis and the axle in the suspension system. The bogie bracket has been identified as a critical part of the suspension system. In the present study, bogie bracket base design and modelling was performed using computer-aided engineering (CAE). The strength of the bogie was tested to identify weaker sections. Design modifications were performed to improve the strength on identified critical sections through reinforcement techniques. A road load data acquisition (RLDA) test was conducted under different road conditions to validate CAE results. Five different rough-road road surfaces were chosen for RLDA testing. Using strain gauges, strain data were acquired during the test. Corresponding stress values were obtained and maximum stress was found in all driving conditions. For the base design bogie bracket, under RLDA test, crack initiation and crack propagation were identified under vertical loads. A reinforced bogie bracket was designed and found to have a higher strength and longer expected life than that of the base design.

scholarly journals Developing a new national MDMA policy: Results of a multi-decision multi-criterion decision analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 026988112098138
Author(s):  
Jan van Amsterdam ◽  
Gjalt-Jorn Ygram Peters ◽  
Ed Pennings ◽  
Tom Blickman ◽  
Kaj Hollemans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Decision Analysis ◽  
Optimal Policy ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Policy Instrument ◽  
Organised Crime ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Policy Model ◽  
Outcome Criteria

Background: Ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)) has a relatively low harm and low dependence liability but is scheduled on List I of the Dutch Opium Act (‘hard drugs’). Concerns surrounding increasing MDMA-related criminality coupled with the possibly inappropriate scheduling of MDMA initiated a debate to revise the current Dutch ecstasy policy. Methods: An interdisciplinary group of 18 experts on health, social harms and drug criminality and law enforcement reformulated the science-based Dutch MDMA policy using multi-decision multi-criterion decision analysis (MD-MCDA). The experts collectively formulated policy instruments and rated their effects on 25 outcome criteria, including health, criminality, law enforcement and financial issues, thematically grouped in six clusters. Results: The experts scored the effect of 22 policy instruments, each with between two and seven different mutually exclusive options, on 25 outcome criteria. The optimal policy model was defined by the set of 22 policy instrument options which gave the highest overall score on the 25 outcome criteria. Implementation of the optimal policy model, including regulated MDMA sales, decreases health harms, MDMA-related organised crime and environmental damage, as well as increases state revenues and quality of MDMA products and user information. This model was slightly modified to increase its political feasibility. Sensitivity analyses showed that the outcomes of the current MD-MCDA are robust and independent of variability in weight values. Conclusion: The present results provide a feasible and realistic set of policy instrument options to revise the legislation towards a rational MDMA policy that is likely to reduce both adverse (public) health risks and MDMA-related criminal burden.

Building the hydrogen economy through niche experimentation and digitalisation

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (8) ◽  
pp. 1179-1195 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Walwyn ◽  
Andreas Bertoldi ◽  
Christian Gable
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Policy Instrument ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Policy Support ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Hydrogen Economy ◽  
Cost Of Transport ◽  
Content Type

Purpose Hydrogen fuel cells could play an important role in meeting the challenges of the Two Degrees Scenario. The purpose of this paper is to review the development of this technology in South Africa with the aim of understanding how the country can transform its existing socio-technical systems and act to support a hydrogen-based technological innovation system (TIS). Design/methodology/approach A mixed methods approach has been followed in this study. Secondary data analysis was used initially to build a profile of South Africa’s present energy system, followed by a stakeholder survey of the emerging hydrogen economy. Respondents were selected based on a convenience/snowball sampling approach and were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire, covering opportunities for South Africa in the global hydrogen economy; sources of competitive advantage; the present phase of development; the maturity of each function and the main weaknesses within the TIS; and finally the appropriate policy instrument to remedy the weakness and/or maximise opportunities for local companies. Findings The research has shown that the hydrogen economy is still at a pre-competitive level and requires ongoing government support to ensure an energy transition is realised. In particular, it is important that niche experimentation, a proven strategy in respect of successful sustainability transitions, is further pursued. Importantly, the net cost of hydrogen-based transportation, which is still several times larger than the cost of transport based on the internal combustion engine (ICE), must be reduced, especially in the key applications of public transport and underground vehicles. Furthermore, the development of digital technologies to manage supply fluctuations in energy grids must be accelerated. Originality/value The South Africa economy will be severely affected by the replacement of the ICEs with battery electric vehicles due to the country’s reliance on ICEs for platinum demand. Fuel cells represent a new market for platinum but the hydrogen TIS is still at a vulnerable point in its development; without policy support, it will not contribute to a successful socio-technical transformation, nor provide an alternative outlet for platinum.

scholarly journals Drag reduction in a class 8 truck - scaled down model

2018 ◽  
Vol 172 ◽  
pp. 01003
Author(s):  
R Vishwa Krishna. ◽  
R Suwathy. ◽  
M Pragadeesh. ◽  
M Venkatesan.
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Model ◽  
Drag Coefficient ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Commercial Vehicles ◽  
Heavy Load ◽  
Ansys Fluent ◽  
Commercial Code ◽  
Class 8 Truck ◽  
Gap Width ◽  
Front Radius

Trucks are heavy load vehicles used mainly for commercial transport operations. There are several classes of heavy duty commercial vehicles classified based on the weight loaded. More than 50% of the engine output power in such trucks is utilized to overcome the drag. Drag force in automobiles is the resistance offered by air on vehicles at higher speeds. Class 8 trucks suffer higher drag when compared to other classes. In the present work, a numerical model is developed using a commercial code ANSYS FLUENT to predict the drag coefficient value. The effects of gap width and cab front radius with a constant fairing is analysed using the numerical model developed. A Class 8 model truck with minimal drag coefficient having constant fairing and optimized gap width between the trailer and cab is proposed.

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