Insight from Large-Scale Observational Studies of Land/Atmosphere Interactions

1991 ◽  
pp. 3-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. James Shuttleworth
Keyword(s):  
Observational Studies ◽  
Large Scale

scholarly journals Characterization and selection of Japanese electronic health record databases used as data sources for non-interventional observational studies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yumi Wakabayashi ◽  
Masamitsu Eitoku ◽  
Narufumi Suganuma
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Health Record ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Flow Diagram ◽  
Health Record ◽  
Medical Institutions ◽  
Data Source ◽  
Electronic Health ◽  
Using Data

Abstract Background Interventional studies are the fundamental method for obtaining answers to clinical question. However, these studies are sometimes difficult to conduct because of insufficient financial or human resources or the rarity of the disease in question. One means of addressing these issues is to conduct a non-interventional observational study using electronic health record (EHR) databases as the data source, although how best to evaluate the suitability of an EHR database when planning a study remains to be clarified. The aim of the present study is to identify and characterize the data sources that have been used for conducting non-interventional observational studies in Japan and propose a flow diagram to help researchers determine the most appropriate EHR database for their study goals. Methods We compiled a list of published articles reporting observational studies conducted in Japan by searching PubMed for relevant articles published in the last 3 years and by searching database providers’ publication lists related to studies using their databases. For each article, we reviewed the abstract and/or full text to obtain information about data source, target disease or therapeutic area, number of patients, and study design (prospective or retrospective). We then characterized the identified EHR databases. Results In Japan, non-interventional observational studies have been mostly conducted using data stored locally at individual medical institutions (713/1463) or collected from several collaborating medical institutions (351/1463). Whereas the studies conducted with large-scale integrated databases (195/1463) were mostly retrospective (68.2%), 27.2% of the single-center studies, 46.2% of the multi-center studies, and 74.4% of the post-marketing surveillance studies, identified in the present study, were conducted prospectively. Conclusions Our analysis revealed that the non-interventional observational studies were conducted using data stored local at individual medical institutions or collected from collaborating medical institutions in Japan. Disease registries, disease databases, and large-scale databases would enable researchers to conduct studies with large sample sizes to provide robust data from which strong inferences could be drawn. Using our flow diagram, researchers planning non-interventional observational studies should consider the strengths and limitations of each available database and choose the most appropriate one for their study goals. Trial registration Not applicable.

scholarly journals Pregnancy-related complications and incidence of atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis

EP Europace ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (Supplement_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
T Al Bahhawi ◽  
A Aqeeli ◽  
S L Harrison ◽  
D A Lane ◽  
I Buchan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Significant Heterogeneity ◽  
Random Effects Models ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Background Pregnancy-related complications have been previously associated with incident cardiovascular disease. However, data are scarce on the association between pregnancy-related complications and incident atrial fibrillation (AF). This systematic review examines associations between pregnancy-related complications and incident AF. Methods A systematic search of the literature utilising MEDLINE and EMBASE (Ovid) was conducted from 1990 to 6 April 2020. Observational studies examining the association between pregnancy-related complications including hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP), gestational diabetes, placental abruption, preterm birth, low birth weight, small-for-gestational-age and stillbirth, and incidence of AF were included. Screening and data extraction were conducted independently by two reviewers. Inverse-variance random-effects models were used to pool hazard ratios. Results: Six observational studies met the inclusion criteria one case-control study and five retrospective cohort studies, with four studies eligible for meta-analysis.  Sample sizes ranged from 1,839-1,303,365. Mean/median follow-up for the cohort studies ranged from 7-36 years. Most studies reported an increased risk of incident AF associated with pregnancy-related complications. The pooled summary statistic from four studies reflected a greater risk of incident AF for HDP (hazard ratio (HR) 1.47, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.18-1.84; I2 = 84%) and from three studies for pre-eclampsia (HR 1.71, 95% CI 1.41-2.06; I2 = 64%; Figure). Conclusions The results of this review suggest that pregnancy-related complications particularly pre-eclampsia appear to be associated with higher risk of incident AF. The small number of included studies and the significant heterogeneity in the pooled results suggest further large-scale prospective studies are required to confirm the association between pregnancy-related complications and AF. Abstract Figure.

scholarly journals Dynamics of the Gas in Spiral Galaxies

1977 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 11-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
William W. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Observational Studies ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Density Wave ◽  
Wave Theory ◽  
Relative Distribution ◽  
Star Forming ◽  
Molecule Formation ◽  
Gaseous Component ◽  
Density Wave Theory ◽  
Co Observations

AbstractThe dynamics of the gaseous component in disk-shaped galaxies is thought to play an important governing role in star formation, molecule formation, and the degree of development of spiral structure. The prospect that density waves and galactic shock waves are present on the large-scale has received support in recent years from a variety of observational studies. Large-scale shocks provide a most promising mechanism for driving star-forming and molecule-forming events on the scales of many kpc along spiral arms. Such shocks may also govern the kinematics and relative distribution of various galactic tracers. This is particularly apparent in M81 and other external spirals, because of our “bird’s-eye-view” perspective, and for the tracers of HI and CO in our own Galaxy. Comparison of the CO observations with model simulations based on the precepts of the density wave theory shows that these precepts are supported by several observational results.

scholarly journals Magnetic Fields in Molecular Clouds

2004 ◽  
Vol 221 ◽  
pp. 83-96
Author(s):  
Tyler L. Bourke ◽  
Alyssa A. Goodman
Keyword(s):  
Star Formation ◽  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Observational Data ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Molecular Clouds ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Angular Resolution ◽  
Protoplanetary Disks ◽  
High Angular Resolution ◽  
Dense Cores

Magnetic fields are believed to play an important role in the evolution of molecular clouds, from their large scale structure to dense cores, protostellar envelopes, and protoplanetary disks. How important is unclear, and whether magnetic fields are the dominant force driving star formation at any scale is also unclear. In this review we examine the observational data which address these questions, with particular emphasis on high angular resolution observations. Unfortunately the data do not clarify the situation. It is clear that the fields are important, but to what degree we don't yet know. Observations to date have been limited by the sensitivity of available telescopes and instrumentation. In the future ALMA and the SKA in particular should provide great advances in observational studies of magnetic fields, and we discuss which observations are most desirable when they become available.

scholarly journals A systematic review of the effect of red blood cell transfusion on mortality: evidence from large-scale observational studies published between 2006 and 2010

BMJ Open ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. e002154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sally Hopewell ◽  
Omar Omar ◽  
Chris Hyde ◽  
Ly-Mee Yu ◽  
Carolyn Doree ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Blood Cell ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Red Blood Cell Transfusion

scholarly journals Markers of cardiovascular risk are not changed by increased whole-grain intake: the WHOLEheart study, a randomised, controlled dietary intervention

2010 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iain A. Brownlee ◽  
Carmel Moore ◽  
Mark Chatfield ◽  
David P. Richardson ◽  
Peter Ashby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Observational Studies ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Plasma Lipid ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Risk Markers ◽  
Whole Grain ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Percentage Body Fat ◽  
Randomised Controlled

Recommendations for whole-grain (WG) intake are based on observational studies showing that higher WG consumption is associated with reduced CVD risk. No large-scale, randomised, controlled dietary intervention studies have investigated the effects on CVD risk markers of substituting WG in place of refined grains in the diets of non-WG consumers. A total of 316 participants (aged 18–65 years; BMI>25 kg/m2) consuming < 30 g WG/d were randomly assigned to three groups: control (no dietary change), intervention 1 (60 g WG/d for 16 weeks) and intervention 2 (60 g WG/d for 8 weeks followed by 120 g WG/d for 8 weeks). Markers of CVD risk, measured at 0 (baseline), 8 and 16 weeks, were: BMI, percentage body fat, waist circumference; fasting plasma lipid profile, glucose and insulin; and indicators of inflammatory, coagulation, and endothelial function. Differences between study groups were compared using a random intercepts model with time and WG intake as factors. Although reported WG intake was significantly increased among intervention groups, and demonstrated good participant compliance, there were no significant differences in any markers of CVD risk between groups. A period of 4 months may be insufficient to change the lifelong disease trajectory associated with CVD. The lack of impact of increasing WG consumption on CVD risk markers implies that public health messages may need to be clarified to consider the source of WG and/or other diet and lifestyle factors linked to the benefits of whole-grain consumption seen in observational studies.

scholarly journals An Informatics Consult approach for generating clinical evidence for treatment decisions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvina G. Lai ◽  
Wai Hoong Chang ◽  
Constantinos A. Parisinos ◽  
Michail Katsoulis ◽  
Ruth M. Blackburn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Observational Studies ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Stroke Risk ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Return Of Results ◽  
Mendelian Randomisation ◽  
Vitamin K1 ◽  
Specific Patient ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
Electronic Health

AbstractAn Informatics Consult has been proposed in which clinicians request novel evidence from large scale health data resources, tailored to the treatment of a specific patient, with return of results in clinical timescales. However, the availability of such consultations is lacking. We seek to provide an Informatics Consult for a situation where a treatment indication and contraindication coexist in the same patient, i.e., anti-coagulation use for stroke prevention in a patient with both atrial fibrillation (AF) and liver cirrhosis. We examined four sources of evidence for the effect of warfarin on stroke risk (efficacy) or all-cause mortality (safety) from: (i) randomised controlled trials (RCTs), (ii) meta- analysis of prior observational studies, (iii) trial emulation (using population electronic health records (N = 3,854,710) and (iv) genetic evidence (Mendelian randomisation). We developed prototype forms to request an Informatics Consult and return of results in electronic health record systems. We found 0 RCT reports and 0 trials recruiting for patients with AF and cirrhosis. We found broad concordance across the three new sources of evidence we generated. Meta-analysis of prior observational studies showed that warfarin use was associated with lower stroke risk (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.71). In a target trial emulation, warfarin was associated with lower all-cause mortality (HR = 0.61) and ischaemic stroke (HR = 0.27). Mendelian randomisation served as a drug target validation where we found that lower levels of vitamin K1 (warfarin is a vitamin K1 antagonist) are associated with lower stroke risk. A pilot survey with an independent sample of 34 clinicians revealed that 85% of clinicians found information on prognosis useful and that 79% thought that they should have access to the Informatics Consult as a service within their healthcare systems. We identified candidate steps for automation to scale evidence generation and to accelerate the return of results within clinical timescales.

KAMEDO Report No. 92 Evacuation of Swedes from Lebanon—Observational Studies in Connection with the War in Lebanon in Summer 2006

2008 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 476-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Per Kulling ◽  
Susannah Sigurdsson ◽  
Bertil Hamberger
Keyword(s):  
Medical Care ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Tsunami Disaster

AbstractA large-scale armed conflict between Hezbollah and Israel in July 2006 caused the evacuation of a large number of Swedish residents from Lebanon. This report describes the evacuation throughout its various stages. Swedish authorities were prepared for an event of this type from the experience of the 2004 Asian tsunami disaster. Lessons learned from the management and medical care during the evacuations are presented in this report.

Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology1

1978 ◽  
Vol 59 (7) ◽  
pp. 790-803 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Rodenhuis ◽  
Richard A. Anthes
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Modeling ◽  
Tropical Cyclones ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Tropical Meteorology ◽  
Reasonable Accuracy ◽  
Easterly Waves ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Adequate Measurement

A few examples of scientific accomplishments in tropical meteorology and hurricane research are presented. Tropical field experiments such as GATE have greatly influenced observational studies of convection and tropical easterly waves. One application of the study of convection is the attempt to estimate precipitation from satellite platforms. Research in tropical cyclones has further improved the definition of large-scale structure and the environment in which the hurricane grows. Radiation, convection, and air-sea interaction studies are directed at the forcing and possible feedback of the hurricane with its environment. With this improved physical understanding, numerical modeling of hurricanes can now produce position forecasts of reasonable accuracy that are becoming competitive with current statistical-dynamical methods. There is a continuing effort to attempt hurricane modification experiments in conjunction with an adequate measurement program.

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