Modelling cadmium accumulation at a regional scale in the Netherlands

AbstractA resource assessment methodology has been developed to designate prospective high permeable clastic aquifers and to assess the amount of potential geothermal energy in the Netherlands. It builds from the wealth of deep subsurface data from oil and gas exploration and production which is publicly and digitally available. In the resource assessment various performance indicator maps have been produced for direct heat applications (greenhouse and spatial heating). These maps are based on detailed mapping of depth, thickness, porosity, permeability, temperature and transmissivity (methodology presented in other papers in this NJG issue). In the resource assessment analysis 14 lithostratigraphic units (clastic aquifers) have been considered, ranging in age from the Permian to the Cenozoic. Performance maps have been made which include a) the expected doublet power (MWth) to be retrieved; b) the number of houses or hectares that can be heated from one doublet; and c) a potential indicator map, which provides insight in subsurface suitability for specific applications from a techno-economic perspective. To obtain a nationwide overview of the resource potential in terms of recoverable geothermal energy, a progressive filtering approach was used from total heat content of the reservoirs (Heat In Place – HIP) via the heat that can potentially be recovered (Potential Recovery Heat – PRH) to energy maps taking into account a techno-economic performance evaluation (Recoverable Heat – RH). Results show that the HIP is approximately 820,000 PJ which is significantly more than previous estimates of around 90,000 PJ. This considerable increase in geothermal energy potential is the result of accurate geological mapping of key reservoir properties and the development of state-of-the-art techno-economic performance assessment tools that performs Monte Carlo simulation. Moreover, for the previous estimates boundary conditions were set with the aim to compare the geothermal potential between different EU countries (Rijkers & Van Doorn, 1997). Taking into account techno-economic aspects, the RH is in the order of 85,000 PJ. This is equivalent to ~70% of the ultimate recoverable gas of the Slochteren Gas field. In total over 400 maps have been created or used as input for the resource assessment. Together, they provide comprehensive information for geothermal energy development from various stakeholder perspectives. The maps can be interactively assessed in the web-based portal ThermoGIS (www.thermogis.nl). This application complements existing subsurface information systems available in the Netherlands and supports the geothermal community in assessing the feasibility of a geothermal system on a regional scale.

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ENSEMBLE PREDICTION OF MEGA-NOURISMENT MORPHODYNAMIC EVOLUTION

Coastal Engineering Proceedings ◽

10.9753/icce.v36.sediment.41 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 41

Author(s):

Antonios Valsamidis ◽

Dominic Reeve ◽

Matthieu De Schipper ◽

Nicholas Dodd

Keyword(s):

The Netherlands ◽

Regional Scale ◽

Specific Site ◽

Ensemble Prediction ◽

Coastal Protection ◽

Sediment Volume ◽

Protection Method ◽

First Time ◽

Morphodynamic Evolution

Mega-nourishment is an innovative soft coastal protection method (Stive et al., 2013) which was applied for first time in 2011 in the Netherlands. Although conventional nourishments are considerably smaller in size, and designed to maintain their sediment volume to the specific site of their application for as long as possible, mega-nourishments are expected to redistribute via the local hydrodynamic forcing their massive volume along a beach, and provide coastal protection at regional scale.

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Modelling of regional scale nitrate leaching from agricultural soils, The Netherlands

Applied Geochemistry ◽

10.1016/s0883-2927(09)80032-2 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

pp. 175-178 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Gerard Van Drecht

Keyword(s):

The Netherlands ◽

Nitrate Leaching ◽

Agricultural Soils ◽

Regional Scale

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Trends in Moderate Rainfall Extremes: A Regional Monotone Regression Approach

Journal of Climate ◽

10.1175/jcli-d-14-00685.1 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 28 (22) ◽

pp. 8760-8769 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

M. Roth ◽

T. A. Buishand ◽

G. Jongbloed

Keyword(s):

The Netherlands ◽

Regional Scale ◽

Winter Season ◽

Daily Rainfall ◽

Kendall Test ◽

Summer Season ◽

Confidence Bands ◽

Monotone Regression ◽

Rainfall Extremes ◽

Regression Approach

Abstract Rainfall extremes are thought to have increased over recent years. Typically linear trends have been considered to describe the temporal evolution of high quantiles of the daily rainfall distribution. For long records it is important to allow more flexibility. Quantile regression methods are available to estimate monotone trends for single stations. Having multiple stations in a region, the significance of the trend at the regional scale is often of interest. From this perspective the authors propose a regression approach that can be used to estimate a common monotone trend for the site-specific quantiles. Moreover, the method allows for the construction of confidence bands and testing the hypothesis of an existing nondecreasing trend against the null hypothesis of no trend. The approach is applied to 102 series of daily rainfall over the Netherlands for the period 1910–2009. The results are compared with those from a (regional) Mann–Kendall test. Significantly increasing trends are found for the winter season and for the whole year. In the summer season trends are less consistent over the region and are only significant in the western part of the Netherlands. For the summer season, linearity of the trend seems less apparent than for winter and for the whole year. However, the deviation from linearity is not significant.

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Reservoir characterisation of aquifers for direct heat production: Methodology and screening of the potential reservoirs for the Netherlands

Netherlands Journal of Geosciences – Geologie en Mijnbouw ◽

10.1017/s001677460000041x ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 91 (4) ◽

pp. 621-636 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

M.P.D. Pluymaekers ◽

L. Kramers ◽

J.-D. van Wees ◽

A. Kronimus ◽

S. Nelskamp ◽

...

Keyword(s):

The Netherlands ◽

Spatial Data ◽

Oil And Gas ◽

Regional Scale ◽

Significant Risk ◽

3D Models ◽

Hot Water ◽

Burial Depth ◽

Well Test ◽

Starting Point

AbstractGeothermal low enthalpy heat in non-magmatic areas can be produced by pumping hot water from aquifers at large depth (>1 km). Key parameters for aquifer performance are temperature, depth, thickness and permeability. Geothermal exploration in the Netherlands can benefit considerably from the wealth of oil and gas data; in many cases hydrocarbon reservoirs form the lateral equivalent of geothermal aquifers. In the past decades subsurface oil and gas data have been used to develop 3D models of the subsurface structure. These models have been used as a starting point for the mapping of geothermal reservoir geometries and its properties. A workflow was developed to map aquifer properties on a regional scale. Transmissivity maps and underlying uncertainty have been obtained for 20 geothermal aquifers. Of particular importance is to take into account corrections for maximum burial depth and the assessment of uncertainties. The mapping of transmissivity and temperature shows favorable aquifer conditions in the northern part of the Netherlands (Rotliegend aquifers), while in the western and southern parts of the Netherlands aquifers of the Triassic and Upper Cretaceous / Jurassic have high prospectivity. Despite the high transmissivity of the Cenozoic aquifers, the limited depth and temperature reduce the prospective geothermal area significantly.The results show a considerable remaining uncertainty of transmissivity values, due to lack of data and heterogeneous spatial data distribution. In part these uncertainties may be significantly reduced by adding well test results and facies parameters for the map interpolation in future work. For underexplored areas this bears a significant risk, but it can also result in much higher flowrates than originally expected, representing an upside in project performance.

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Impact of local- and regional-scale restoration measures on a vulnerable rich fen in the Naardermeer nature reserve (the Netherlands)

Plant Ecology ◽

10.1007/s11258-020-01049-6 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 221 (10) ◽

pp. 893-911

Author(s):

Annegreet Veeken ◽

Martin J. Wassen

Keyword(s):

The Netherlands ◽

Nature Reserve ◽

Regional Scale ◽

N Deposition ◽

Vegetation Composition ◽

Atmospheric N Deposition ◽

Rich Fen ◽

Poor Fen ◽

Before And After ◽

Restoration Measures

Abstract Restoration of rich fens is commonly attempted through local-scale measures, such as removal of sod or blockage of ditches. However, regional-scale restoration measures, that aim to re-establish the original hydrology in which rich fens developed, might have a more long-lasting effect. We investigated the effect of local- and regional-scale restoration measures on a vulnerable rich fen in the Naardermeer nature reserve in the Netherlands. We compared water quality and vegetation composition of the fen before and after the restoration measures, almost 30 years apart. Overall rich fen species increased and although this indicates the desired increased supply of fresh mineral-rich groundwater to the fen, continued succession towards poor fen vegetation has not been prevented in the entire fen. Despite sod layer removal, we observed an increase in a Polytrichum-dominated vegetation in patches that are primarily fed by rainwater. Our findings confirm results from a previous study which showed that brackish palaeo-groundwater is still contributing substantially to the water balance of the fen, especially in periods of precipitation deficit. We conclude that the local- and regional-scale restoration measures have been successful in increasing the abundance of rich fen species in parts of the fen. However, considering the pressures of climate change and high atmospheric N-deposition on the fen, it is uncertain whether rich fen species can be sustained in quite nutrient-poor conditions in the future. Therefore, there is a need for continued management that keeps the nutrient-poor and mineral-rich conditions of the fen intact.

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Tracing frequent users of regional care services using emergency medical services data: a networked approach

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2019-036139 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. e036139

Author(s):

Laura Maruster ◽

Durk-Jouke van der Zee ◽

Jaap Hatenboer ◽

Erik Buskens

Keyword(s):

The Netherlands ◽

Emergency Medical Services ◽

Regional Scale ◽

Medical Services ◽

Care Providers ◽

Average Increase ◽

Frequent Users ◽

Scarce Resources ◽

Care Services ◽

Emergency Medical

ObjectivesThis study shows how a networked approach relying on ‘real-world’ emergency medical services (EMS) records might contribute to tracing frequent users of care services on a regional scale. Their tracing is considered of importance for policy-makers and clinicians, since they represent a considerable workload and use of scarce resources. While existing approaches for data collection on frequent users tend to limit scope to individual or associated care providers, the proposed approach exploits the role of EMS as the network’s ‘ferryman’ overseeing and recording patient calls made to an entire network of care providers.DesignA retrospective study was performed analysing 2012–2017 EMS calls in the province of Drenthe, the Netherlands. Using EMS data, benefits of the networked approach versus existing approaches are assessed by quantifying the number of frequent users and their associated calls for various categories of care providers. Main categories considered are hospitals, nursing homes and EMS.SettingEMS in the province of Drenthe, the Netherlands, serving a population of 491 867.ParticipantsAnalyses are based on secondary patient data from EMS records, entailing 212 967 transports and 126 758 patients, over 6 years (2012–2017).ResultsUse of the networked approach for analysing calls made to hospitals in Drenthe resulted in a 20% average increase of frequent users traced. Extending the analysis by including hospitals outside Drenthe increased ascertainment by 28%. Extending to all categories of care providers, inside Drenthe, and subsequently, irrespective of their location, resulted in an average increase of 132% and 152% of frequent users identified, respectively.ConclusionsMany frequent users of care services are network users relying on multiple regional care providers, possibly representing inefficient use of scarce resources. Network users are effectively and efficiently traced by using EMS records offering high coverage of calls made to regional care providers.

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Introduction to the geothermal play and reservoir geology of the Netherlands

Netherlands Journal of Geosciences – Geologie en Mijnbouw ◽

10.1017/njg.2020.2 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 99 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Harmen F. Mijnlieff

Keyword(s):

The Netherlands ◽

Oil And Gas ◽

Regional Scale ◽

Upper Jurassic ◽

Geothermal System ◽

Geothermal Systems ◽

Geothermal Heat ◽

Geothermal Resources ◽

Matrix Permeability ◽

Sedimentary Aquifer

Abstract The Netherlands has ample geothermal resources. During the last decade, development of these resources has picked up fast. In 2007 one geothermal system had been realised; to date (1 January 2019), 24 have been. Total geothermal heat production in 2018 was 3.7 PJ from 18 geothermal systems. The geothermal sources are located in the same reservoirs/aquifers in which the oil and gas accumulations are hosted: Cenozoic, Upper Jurassic – Lower Cretaceous, Triassic and Rotliegend reservoirs. Additionally, the yet unproven hydrocarbon play in the Lower Carboniferous (Dinantian) Limestones delivered geothermal heat in two geothermal systems. This is in contrast to the Upper Cretaceous and Upper Carboniferous with no producing geothermal systems but producing hydrocarbon fields. Similar to hydrocarbon development, developing the geothermal source relies on fluid flow through the reservoir. For geothermal application a transmissivity of 10 Dm is presently thought to be a minimum value for a standard doublet system. Regional mapping of the geothermal plays, with subsequent resource mapping, by TNO discloses the areas with favourable transmissivity within play areas for geothermal development. The website www.ThermoGis.nl provides the tool to evaluate the geothermal plays on a sub-regional scale. The Dutch geothermal source and resource portfolio can be classified using geothermal play classification of, for example, Moeck (2014). An appropriate adjective for play classification for the Dutch situation would be the predominant permeability type: matrix, karst, fracture or fault permeability. The Dutch geothermal play is a matrix-permeability dominated ‘Hot Sedimentary Aquifer’, ‘Hydrothermal’ or ‘Intra-cratonic Conductive’ play. The Dutch ‘Hot Sedimentary Aquifer’ play is subdivided according to the lithostratigraphical annotation of the reservoir. The main geothermal plays are the Delft Sandstone and Slochteren Sandstone plays.

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