Use of Combined Biogeochemical Model Approaches and Empirical Data to Assess Critical Loads of Nitrogen

2015 ◽  
pp. 269-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark E. Fenn ◽  
Charles T. Driscoll ◽  
Qingtao Zhou ◽  
Leela E. Rao ◽  
Thomas Meixner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Data ◽  
Critical Loads ◽  
Biogeochemical Model

Development of new drainage factor in ECOSSE model to improve water dynamics and prediction of CO2 fluxes from drained peatlands

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alina Premrov ◽  
David Wilson ◽  
Matthew Saunders ◽  
Jagadeesh Yeluripati ◽  
Florence Renou-Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Water Table ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Seasonal Variability ◽  
Model Simulation ◽  
Water Dynamics ◽  
Water Model ◽  
Biogeochemical Model ◽  
Water Table Level ◽  
Biogeochemical Models ◽  
Model Water

<p>ABSTRACT</p><p>Drained peatlands often act as carbon source and their drainage characteristics can be challenging to accommodate in biogeochemical models. This study uses the ECOSSE process-based  biogeochemical model [to simulate water-table level and CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes (heterotrophic respiration) <sub>[1]</sub>], and empirical data from two Irish drained peatlands: Blackwater and Moyarwood, which were partly rewetted (both sites are extensively described in earlier studies <sub>[2]</sub>). Here we explain details on the development of a new drainage factor with seasonal variability Dfa(i) for drained peatlands, based on our recently published work <sub>[3] </sub> that we hope can contribute towards the potential future development of IPCC Tier 3 emissions reporting. The Dfa(i) was developed using empirical data from Blackwater drained bare-peat site (BWdr) and its application was further tested at the Moyarwood site under drained (MOdr) and rewetted conditions (MOrw) <sub>[3]</sub>. The development of the Dfa(i) was carried out in three main steps <sub>[3]</sub>: 1 - identification of the ‘wt-discrepancy event’; 2 - development of Dfa without seasonal variability, and 3 - accounting for seasonal variability and development of Dfa(i). Dfa(i) was then applied to the rainfall inputs for the periods of active drainage in conjunction with the measured water-table inputs <sub>[3]</sub>. As explained in our published work <sub>[3]</sub>, the results indicate that the application of Dfa(i) could improve the model performance to predict water-table level (BWdr: r<sup>2 </sup>= 0.89 MOdr: r<sup>2 </sup>=  0.94); and CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes [BWdr: r<sup>2</sup> = 0.66 and MOdr: r<sup>2 </sup>= 0.78) under drained conditions, along with ability of the model to capture seasonal trends <sub>[2]</sub>. The model simulation of CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes at MOrw site was also satisfactory (r<sup>2</sup>=0.75); however, the MOrw water-table simulation results suggest that additional work on the water model component under rewetted conditions is still needed <sub>[3]</sub>. We further discuss our insights into potential opportunities for future additional improvements and upgrading of the ECOSSE model water module.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Acknowledgements</strong></p><p>The authors are grateful to the Irish Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for funding the AUGER: Project (2015-CCRP-MS.30) under EPA Research Programme 2014–2020. Full acknowledgements are provided in Premrov et. al (2020) <sub>[3]</sub>.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Literature</strong></p><p>[1] Smith, J., et al. 2010. ECOSSE. User Manual.</p><p>[2] Renou-Wilson, F., et. al. 2019. Rewetting degraded peatlands for climate and biodiversity benefits: Results from two raised bogs. Ecol. Eng. 127:547-560.</p><p>[3] Premrov, A., D. Wilson, M. Saunders, J. Yeluripati and F. Renou-Wilson (2020). CO<sub>2 </sub>fluxes from drained and rewetted peatlands using a new ECOSSE model water table simulation approach. Sci. Total Environ. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142433; on-line 2020; in print Vol. 754, 2021; under CC BY 4.0).</p>

scholarly journals Surface water acidification and critical loads: exploring the F-factor

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 3917-3945
Author(s):  
L. Rapp ◽  
K. Bishop
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Acid Deposition ◽  
Critical Loads ◽  
Recovery Phase ◽  
Annual Runoff ◽  
Biogeochemical Model ◽  
Lake Chemistry ◽  
Empirical Estimates ◽  
F Factor

Abstract. As acid deposition decreases, uncertainties in methods for calculating critical loads become more important when judgements have to be made about whether or not further emission reductions are needed. An important aspect of one type of model that has been used to calculate surface water critical loads is the empirical F-factor which estimates the degree to which acid deposition is neutralised before it reaches a lake at any particular point in time relative to the pre-industrial, steady-state water chemistry conditions. In this paper we will examine how well the empirical F-functions are able to estimate pre-industrial lake chemistry as lake chemistry changes during different phases of acidification and recovery. To accomplish this, we use the dynamic, process-oriented biogeochemical model SAFE to generate a plausible time series of annual runoff chemistry for ca 140 Swedish catchments between 1800 and 2100. These annual hydrochemistry data are then used to generate empirical F-factors that are compared to the "actual" F-factor seen in the SAFE data for each lake and year in the time series. The dynamics of the F-factor as catchments acidify, and then recover are not widely recognised. Our results suggest that the F-factor approach worked best during the acidification phase when soil processes buffer incoming acidity. However, the empirical functions for estimating F from contemporary lake chemistry are not well suited to the recovery phase when the F-factor turns negative due to recovery processes in the soil. Therefore, the empirical estimates of the F-factor are a significant source of uncertainty in the estimate of surface water critical loads and related calculations for quantifying lake acidification status, especially now that acid deposition has declined across large areas of Europe and North America.

scholarly journals Surface water acidification and critical loads: exploring the F-factor

2009 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2191-2201 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Rapp ◽  
K. Bishop
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Chemistry ◽  
Acid Deposition ◽  
Critical Loads ◽  
Base Cations ◽  
Recovery Phase ◽  
Biogeochemical Model ◽  
Lake Chemistry ◽  
F Factor

Abstract. As acid deposition decreases, uncertainties in methods for calculating critical loads become more important when judgements have to be made about whether or not further emission reductions are needed. An important aspect of one type of model that has been used to calculate surface water critical loads is the empirical F-factor which estimates the degree to which acid deposition is neutralised before it reaches a lake at any particular point in time relative to the pre-industrial, steady-state water chemistry conditions. In this paper we will examine how well the empirical F-functions are able to estimate pre-industrial lake chemistry as lake chemistry changes during different phases of acidification and recovery. To accomplish this, we use the dynamic, process-oriented biogeochemical model SAFE to generate a plausible time series of annual runoff chemistry for ca. 140 Swedish catchments between 1800 and 2100. These annual hydrochemistry data are then used to generate empirical F-factors that are compared to the "actual" F-factor seen in the SAFE data for each lake and year in the time series. The dynamics of the F-factor as catchments acidify, and then recover are not widely recognised. Our results suggest that the F-factor approach worked best during the acidification phase when soil processes buffer incoming acidity. However, the empirical functions for estimating F from contemporary lake chemistry are not well suited to the recovery phase when the F-factor turns negative due to recovery processes in the soil. This happens when acid deposition has depleted the soil store of BC, and then acid deposition declines, reducing the leaching of base cations to levels below those in the pre-industrial era. An estimate of critical load from water chemistry during recovery and empirical F functions would therefore result in critical loads that are too low. Therefore, the empirical estimates of the F-factor are a significant source of uncertainty in the estimate of surface water critical loads and related calculations for quantifying lake acidification status, especially now that acid deposition has declined across large areas of Europe and North America.

An empirical review of gambling expansion and gambling-related harm

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 295-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debi A. LaPlante ◽  
Heather M. Gray ◽  
Pat M. Williams ◽  
Sarah E. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Peer Review ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Expansion Method ◽  
Responsible Gambling ◽  
Review Literature ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Empirical Comparison ◽  
Related Harm

Abstract. Aims: To discuss and review the latest research related to gambling expansion. Method: We completed a literature review and empirical comparison of peer reviewed findings related to gambling expansion and subsequent gambling-related changes among the population. Results: Although gambling expansion is associated with changes in gambling and gambling-related problems, empirical studies suggest that these effects are mixed and the available literature is limited. For example, the peer review literature suggests that most post-expansion gambling outcomes (i. e., 22 of 34 possible expansion outcomes; 64.7 %) indicate no observable change or a decrease in gambling outcomes, and a minority (i. e., 12 of 34 possible expansion outcomes; 35.3 %) indicate an increase in gambling outcomes. Conclusions: Empirical data related to gambling expansion suggests that its effects are more complex than frequently considered; however, evidence-based intervention might help prepare jurisdictions to deal with potential consequences. Jurisdictions can develop and evaluate responsible gambling programs to try to mitigate the impacts of expanded gambling.

Under- and Over-Estimation

2011 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginie Crollen ◽  
Julie Castronovo ◽  
Xavier Seron
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Data ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Numerical Estimation ◽  
Production Task ◽  
Estimation Task ◽  
Reproduction Task ◽  
Perception Task ◽  
Adult Participants ◽  
Mapping Hypothesis ◽  
Task Perception

Over the last 30 years, numerical estimation has been largely studied. Recently, Castronovo and Seron (2007) proposed the bi-directional mapping hypothesis in order to account for the finding that dependent on the type of estimation task (perception vs. production of numerosities), reverse patterns of performance are found (i.e., under- and over-estimation, respectively). Here, we further investigated this hypothesis by submitting adult participants to three types of numerical estimation task: (1) a perception task, in which participants had to estimate the numerosity of a non-symbolic collection; (2) a production task, in which participants had to approximately produce the numerosity of a symbolic numerical input; and (3) a reproduction task, in which participants had to reproduce the numerosity of a non-symbolic numerical input. Our results gave further support to the finding that different patterns of performance are found according to the type of estimation task: (1) under-estimation in the perception task; (2) over-estimation in the production task; and (3) accurate estimation in the reproduction task. Moreover, correlation analyses revealed that the more a participant under-estimated in the perception task, the more he/she over-estimated in the production task. We discussed these empirical data by showing how they can be accounted by the bi-directional mapping hypothesis ( Castronovo & Seron, 2007 ).

Attention Psychoanalysts: Empirical Data Need Not Be Ego Alien

1993 ◽  
Vol 38 (9) ◽  
pp. 991-992
Author(s):  
Seymour Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Data

Posttraumatic Relational Syndrome: A Perspective Grounded in Empirical Data and Case Studies

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lori Katz ◽  
Andrei Novac ◽  
Bita Ghafoori ◽  
Toni Pusateri
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Empirical Data

Economic Way of Thought and Legislationon Nonprofit Organizations

2012 ◽  
pp. 48-63
Author(s):  
L. Yakobson
Keyword(s):  
Nonprofit Organizations ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Nonprofit Sector ◽  
Social Medium ◽  
The State ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
Comparative Advantages ◽  
Essential Prerequisite

The article considers proper legislation as an essential prerequisite for actualization of NPOs comparative advantages. Restrictions imposed on NPOs are reasonable if they are compensated by benefits from greater trust. The rigidity of constrains and requirements should be optimized while accounting for peculiarities of a social medium, the state of the nonprofit sector, and the governments readiness to encourage the development of the latter. As empirical data suggests, Russian NPOs being on different stages of maturity need separate legal treatment. In the meanwhile, interests that prevail in the NPOs community are not always conducive to rapid changes.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document