Under- and Over-Estimation

2011 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginie Crollen ◽  
Julie Castronovo ◽  
Xavier Seron
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Data ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Numerical Estimation ◽  
Production Task ◽  
Estimation Task ◽  
Reproduction Task ◽  
Perception Task ◽  
Adult Participants ◽  
Mapping Hypothesis ◽  
Task Perception

Over the last 30 years, numerical estimation has been largely studied. Recently, Castronovo and Seron (2007) proposed the bi-directional mapping hypothesis in order to account for the finding that dependent on the type of estimation task (perception vs. production of numerosities), reverse patterns of performance are found (i.e., under- and over-estimation, respectively). Here, we further investigated this hypothesis by submitting adult participants to three types of numerical estimation task: (1) a perception task, in which participants had to estimate the numerosity of a non-symbolic collection; (2) a production task, in which participants had to approximately produce the numerosity of a symbolic numerical input; and (3) a reproduction task, in which participants had to reproduce the numerosity of a non-symbolic numerical input. Our results gave further support to the finding that different patterns of performance are found according to the type of estimation task: (1) under-estimation in the perception task; (2) over-estimation in the production task; and (3) accurate estimation in the reproduction task. Moreover, correlation analyses revealed that the more a participant under-estimated in the perception task, the more he/she over-estimated in the production task. We discussed these empirical data by showing how they can be accounted by the bi-directional mapping hypothesis ( Castronovo & Seron, 2007 ).

De Verwerving van Morfologische Regels in Schrift

1998 ◽  
Vol 60 ◽  
pp. 87-100
Author(s):  
Marjolein van Dort-Slijper ◽  
Gert Rijlaarsdam ◽  
Maaike Ditzel
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Data ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Production Task ◽  
Grammatical Function ◽  
Reading And Writing ◽  
Stressed Syllable ◽  
Special Case ◽  
Grammatical Functions

In order to provide authors of text books with empirical data on the acquisition in Dutch of written morphology in nouns, verbs and adjectives, several empirical studies were undertaken. In this article, the second study is reported on the performance of the morpheme -en in a special case of adjectives in Dutch: material adjectives such as 'gouden' (gold). The study tried to determine factors which affect the performance in reading and writing. Factors involved were two interference factors (plural in adjacent nouns; normal adjectives), cognitive task (comprehension versus writing) and two syntactic factors (grammatical function and position in the sentence of the constituent. Subjects (n=80, grades 6 and 7, from four schools) individually completed a comprehension and a production task in which factors were systematically varied. No effects of cognitive task were observed. Therefore only results for the production task were reported in detail. It turned out that material adjectives were more difficult than normal adjectives, and that within the category of material adjectives two subcategories should be distinguished, the easier one in which the morpheme is preceded by a stressed syllable as in 'gouden', and the more difficult one in which this is not the case, as in 'zilveren'. Of the two syntactic factors, only the grammatical function seems to affect the performance: adjectives in constituents with subject function were more difficult than adjectives with other grammatical functions; interactions between group and category of adjectives were found. Of the two interference factors, both factors seemed to affect performance.

Effect of Motion Perception on Intertemporal Choice Is Associated With the Altered Time Perception

2018 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xianchun Li ◽  
Di Yuan ◽  
Ying Fan ◽  
Chao Yan ◽  
Liangcai Gao
Keyword(s):  
Motion Perception ◽  
Time Perception ◽  
Intertemporal Choice ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Forward Motion ◽  
Reproduction Task ◽  
Perception Task ◽  
Time Reproduction ◽  
Motion Condition

Intertemporal choice refers to the choice between receiving a small immediate reward or a large delayed one. Previous studies have indicated that time perception plays a critical role in the intertemporal choice, and it could be affected by the features of the target stimulus in the time reproduction task, such as speed of movement and state of motion. However, there is no evidence about whether backward or forward motion perception could alter the intertemporal choice. Thus, in our current study, 29 participants were asked to perform two tasks in a random order. One was the intertemporal choice task after viewing videos containing moving elements with forward/backward directions as well as stationary ones, and another was the time perception task. We found that the discounting rate in intertemporal choice was significantly larger in backward motion condition than in both forward motion and stationary conditions, indicating that backward motion perception made participants more myopic (specifically, more likely to choose the smaller immediate reward instead of the large delayed one) during their decision-makings. Meanwhile, participants overestimated the temporal duration in a time perception task in backward motion condition compared to the other two conditions. Furthermore, the Pearson’s correlation analysis showed that the changes of the intertemporal choice induced by backward motion perception could be associated with the altered time perception. As far as we know, we provide the first evidence on influence of motion perception on the intertemporal choice as well as its possible cognitive correlates, which extend previous studies on cognitive basis of the intertemporal choices.

Reproduction and Estimation Methods of Time Judgment

1965 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 653-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank M. Ochberg ◽  
Irwin W. Pollack ◽  
Eugene Meyer
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Time Judgment ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Normal Female ◽  
Estimation Task ◽  
Reproduction Task ◽  
Ocular Surgery ◽  
Time Estimates ◽  
Differential Performance ◽  
Female Employees

Two methods of time judgment, the method of reproduction and the method of estimation, were compared. Ss were women blindfolded after ocular surgery, women not blindfolded after ocular surgery, and visually normal female employees of the hospital. The reproduction task was handled equally well by all groups, and time estimates were given with greater accuracy and reproducibility than for the estimation task. On the other hand, the method of estimation led to differential performance among groups, with greatest accuracy and least variance in the working group, and least accuracy with greatest variance in the blindfolded group.

scholarly journals perception of the glottal fricative /h/ in onset position by Brazilian learners of English as a foreign language

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 48-71
Author(s):  
Karine Pinto Manfé ◽  
Paola Gabriella Biehl ◽  
Sidnei Werner Woelfer ◽  
Rosane Silveira
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
Brazilian Portuguese ◽  
Production Task ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Perception Task

In this study, we departed from the assumption that Brazilian Portuguese (BP) speakers of English have the tendency to mispronounce the English retroflex /?/ as the glottal fricative /h/. With the use of a Picture Elicitation L1 Production Task, a Background Questionnaire and an L2 Transcription Perception Task, the following was investigated: (1) Participants’ L1 rhotic production variations in onset position, and possible Cross Linguistic Influence of these productions in their perception of the English glottal fricative /h/; and (2) Participants’ experience with the TL and its correlation with their perception of the English glottal fricative /h/. 13 learners participated in the pilot study and 15 in the experiment. All of them were BP learners of English in different learning levels, with ages ranging from 26 to 42 years old. The data obtained revealed that all of them produced L1 rhotics as glottal fricatives, and more than 70% of them transcribed the words beginning with <h> using <r>. Moreover, results showed that there is a positive correlation between experience with the L2 and correct perception of TL glottal fricative as a rhotic in onset position.

scholarly journals The Cognitive Estimation Task is nonunitary: Evidence for multiple magnitude representation mechanisms among normative and ADHD college students

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 220-246
Author(s):  
Sarit Ashkenazi ◽  
Yulia Tsyganov
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Current Debate ◽  
Numerical Estimation ◽  
Estimation Task ◽  
Cognitive Estimation ◽  
Hebrew Version ◽  
Shared Variance ◽  
A Current

There is a current debate on whether the cognitive system has a shared representation for all magnitudes or whether there are unique representations. To investigate this question, we used the Biber cognitive estimation task. In this task, participants were asked to provide estimates for questions such as, “How many sticks of spaghetti are in a package?” The task uses different estimation categories (e.g., time, numerical quantity, distance, and weight) to look at real-life magnitude representations. Experiment 1 assessed (N = 95) a Hebrew version of the Biber Cognitive Estimation Task and found that different estimation categories had different relations, for example, weight, time, and distance shared variance, but numerical estimation did not. We suggest that numerical estimation does not require the use of measurement in units, hence, it represents a more “pure” numerical estimation. Experiment 2 found that different factors explain individual abilities in different estimation categories. For example, numerical estimation was predicted by preverbal innate quantity understanding (approximate number sense) and working memory, whereas time estimations were supported by IQ. These results demonstrate that cognitive estimation is not a unified construct.

De Verwerving Van Morfologische Regels in Schrift

1998 ◽  
Vol 59 ◽  
pp. 67-87
Author(s):  
Marjolein van Dort-Slijper
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Data ◽  
Mother Tongue ◽  
Word Type ◽  
Production Task ◽  
Explicit Information ◽  
Syntactic Information ◽  
Grade 3

In order to provide textbook authors with empirical data on acquisition of written morphology of plural forms in nouns and verbs in Dutch, a study was undertaken in grade 3 and 4. Subjects individually completed a comprehension and a production task in which factors such as number (plural-singular), word type (nouns-verbs), and syntactic information about number (explicit information-no information) were systematically varied. It turned out that plural in nouns was easier than plural in verbs, plural with audible morphology was easier than plural with silent morphology, comprehension was easier than production, and syntactic information about number facilitates performance, especially in the production task. These findings are in line with findings for mother tongue speakers of English and French.

Perception and Reproduction of Force Direction in the Horizontal Plane

2003 ◽  
Vol 90 (5) ◽  
pp. 3040-3053 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Toffin ◽  
J. McIntyre ◽  
J. Droulez ◽  
A. Kemeny ◽  
A. Berthoz
Keyword(s):  
Horizontal Plane ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Mechanical Impedance ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Force Vector ◽  
Reproduction Task ◽  
Perception Task ◽  
Limb Stiffness ◽  
Force Direction ◽  
Perceived Force

In this study, we evaluated the capacity of human beings to perceive and reproduce forces applied to the hand. We tested for perceptive distortions and/or privileged directions in the performance of these two tasks. Subjects resisted a reference force applied by a joystick in a given direction, with instructions to keep the hand at a constant position. In a perception task, subjects subsequently resisted a second such force, the direction of which they could adjust with a potentiometer; the task was to reorient the second force to be in the same perceived direction as the reference. In a reproduction task, subjects were instructed to push against the now elastically constrained joystick with the same force that was required to resist the initially applied reference force. Twenty-four reference force directions in the horizontal plane were tested twice each. We observed systematic distortions in the reproduction of force direction that were not present in the perception task. We further observed that the distortions could be predicted by anisotropy of limb stiffness and could be affected by manipulating the mechanical impedance of the hand-joystick interaction. We conclude that human subjects specify and store forces to be applied by the hand not in terms of a perceived force vector, but rather in terms of the motor activity required to resist or produce the force—i.e., subjects possess a multi-dimensional “sense of effort.”

The impact of emotion on numerical estimation: A developmental perspective

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 1300-1311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily A Lewis ◽  
Alexandra Zax ◽  
Sara Cordes
Keyword(s):  
Mathematics Achievement ◽  
Numerical Approximation ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Numerical Estimation ◽  
Similar Increase ◽  
Emotional Stimuli ◽  
Facial Stimuli ◽  
Adult Participants ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
The Impact

Recent literature has revealed underestimation effects in numerical judgments when adult participants are presented with emotional stimuli (as opposed to neutral). Whether these numerical biases emerge early in development however, or instead reflect overt, learned responses to emotional stimuli across development are unclear. Moreover, reported links between numerical acuity and mathematics achievement point to the importance of exploring how numerical approximation abilities in childhood may be influenced in real-world affective contexts. In this study, children (aged 6-10 years) and adults were presented with happy and neutral facial stimuli in the context of a numerical bisection task. Results reveal that children, like adults, underestimate number following emotional (i.e., happy) faces (relative to neutral). However, children’s, but not adult’s, responses were also significantly more precise following emotional stimuli. In a second experiment, adult judgments revealed a similar increase in precision following emotional stimuli when numerical discriminations were more challenging (involving larger sets). Together, results are the first to reveal children, like adults, underestimate number in the context of emotional stimuli and this underestimation bias is accompanied with enhanced response precision.

scholarly journals Efektivitas Training Fungsi Eksekutif Terkomputerisasi dalam Meningkatkan Kapasitas Fungsi Eksekutif dan Performa Akademik Matematika

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 177
Author(s):  
Isman Rahmani Yusron ◽  
Sri Kusrohmaniah
Keyword(s):  
Stroop Task ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Numerical Estimation ◽  
Estimation Task ◽  
Back Task

Performa bermatematika anak-anak Indonesia, dilaporkan jauh di bawah dari harapan. Terdapat indikasi bahwa fungsi eksekutif berperan dalam performa dan prestasi matematika. Penelitian ini bertujuan menguji efektivitas penggunaan training terkomputerisasi yang mengadopsi paradigma pengukuran fungsi eksekutif, untuk mendongkrak performa bermatematika. Paradigma tugas seperti n-back task, flanker task, go no/go task, numerical-estimation task, dan stroop task, dirangkai menjadi suatu latihan melalui aplikasi OpenSesame®.  Kelompok eksperimen (n=32), diberikan 45 menit training selama tujuh hari, dan diberikan tes matematika pada pre dan posttest. Kemudian, dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol (n=34) yang juga diberikan pretest dan posttest tanpa diberi perlakuan apapun. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan perbedaan rerata yang signifikan (t=-5,04; p<0,05) pada kelompok eksperimen antara hasil pretest dan posttest. Sedangkan pada kelompok kontrol, tidak ada perbedaan signifikan (t=-1,21; p>0,05). Hasil uji ANAVA terhadap skor kapasitas fungsi eksekutif setiap sesi menunjukkan perbedaan signifikan (F=13,47; p<0,05), dengan plot rerata skor meningkat. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa training fungsi eksekutif terkomputerisasi efektif dalam meningkatkan kapasitas fungsi eksekutif dan performa akademik matematika.

scholarly journals The Acquisition of Parameters for Word Stress Production and Perception among Iraqi EFL Learners: A Pilot Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Zainab A. Ali ◽  
Alias Abd Ghani
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
Production Test ◽  
Production Task ◽  
Efl Learners ◽  
Perception Task ◽  
Word Stress ◽  
Stress Placement

<div><p><em>This study investigates the acquisition of the parameters of word stress production and perception by 10 Iraqi learners of English as a foreign language (EFL)</em><em>. It aims at investigating Iraqi learners’ difficulties in resetting the parameters of word stress production and perception in L2. Two experiments are conducted to test the learners’ production and perception of word stress in isolation and in sentences. The first experiment is the production test and the second one is the perception test. The learners’ responses of word stress in both experimental tasks are elicited manually and analysed according to [7]</em><em> model of metrical parameters</em><em>   which is used </em><em>to investigate</em><em> the acquisition of parameters of word stress production and perception by Iraqi learners</em><em>. The findings</em><em> reveal that </em><em>Iraqi EFL learners are able to reset the parameters of L2 but even though they failed in resetting all the parameters completely. Besides, the learners used more ranking level kinds of the parameters in the perception task than in the production task which may cause Iraqi learners assign wrongly the word stress placement.</em></p></div>

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