Design of Accelerators with Hard Embedded Blocks

2016 ◽  
pp. 81-99
Author(s):  
B. Sharat Chandra Varma ◽  
Kolin Paul ◽  
M. Balakrishnan
Keyword(s):  
Embedded Blocks

Selection and Preparation of Specific Tissue Regions For Tem Using Large Epoxy-Embedded Blocks

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 324-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M. Lowrie ◽  
W. S. Tyler
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Anatomical Structures ◽  
Ultrastructural Studies ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Microscopic Evaluation ◽  
Embedded Blocks ◽  
Specific Tissue ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Areas Of Interest ◽  
Selection Of

The importance of examining stained 1 to 2μ plastic sections by light microscopy has long been recognized, both for increased definition of many histologic features and for selection of specimen samples to be used in ultrastructural studies. Selection of specimens with specific orien ation relative to anatomical structures becomes of critical importance in ultrastructural investigations of organs such as the lung. The uantity of blocks necessary to locate special areas of interest by random sampling is large, however, and the method is lacking in precision. Several methods have been described for selection of specific areas for electron microscopy using light microscopic evaluation of paraffin, epoxy-infiltrated, or epoxy-embedded large blocks from which thick sections were cut. Selected areas from these thick sections were subsequently removed and re-embedded or attached to blank precasted blocks and resectioned for transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

scholarly journals Differential transcriptomics in sarcoidosis lung and lymph node granulomas with comparisons to pathogen-specific granulomas

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy G. Casanova ◽  
Manuel L. Gonzalez-Garay ◽  
Belinda Sun ◽  
Christian Bime ◽  
Xiaoguang Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Lymph Node ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Mediastinal Lymph Node ◽  
Immunological Response ◽  
Functional Enrichment ◽  
Genomic Biomarkers ◽  
Genomic Markers ◽  
Embedded Blocks ◽  
Granulomatous Diseases

Abstract Rationale Despite the availability of multi-“omics” strategies, insights into the etiology and pathogenesis of sarcoidosis have been elusive. This is partly due to the lack of reliable preclinical models and a paucity of validated biomarkers. As granulomas are a key feature of sarcoidosis, we speculate that direct genomic interrogation of sarcoid tissues, may lead to identification of dysregulated gene pathways or biomarker signatures. Objective To facilitate the development sarcoidosis genomic biomarkers by gene expression profiling of sarcoidosis granulomas in lung and lymph node tissues (most commonly affected organs) and comparison to infectious granulomas (coccidiodomycosis and tuberculosis). Methods Transcriptomic profiles of immune-related gene from micro-dissected sarcoidosis granulomas within lung and mediastinal lymph node tissues and compared to infectious granulomas from paraffin-embedded blocks. Differentially-expressed genes (DEGs) were profiled, compared among the three granulomatous diseases and analyzed for functional enrichment pathways. Results Despite histologic similarities, DEGs and pathway enrichment markedly differed in sarcoidosis granulomas from lymph nodes and lung. Lymph nodes showed a clear immunological response, whereas a structural regenerative response was observed in lung. Sarcoidosis granuloma gene expression data corroborated previously reported genomic biomarkers (STAB1, HBEGF, and NOTCH4), excluded others and identified new genomic markers present in lung and lymph nodes, ADAMTS1, NPR1 and CXCL2. Comparisons between sarcoidosis and pathogen granulomas identified pathway divergences and commonalities at gene expression level. Conclusion These findings suggest the importance of tissue and disease-specificity evaluation when exploring sarcoidosis genomic markers. This relevant translational information in sarcoidosis and other two histopathological similar infections provides meaningful specific genomic-derived biomarkers for sarcoidosis diagnosis and prognosis.

scholarly journals Cytoplasmic Fibrillar Aggregates in Gallbladder Epithelium Are a Frequent Mimic of Cystoisospora in Pediatric Cholecystectomy Specimens

2019 ◽  
Vol 143 (10) ◽  
pp. 1259-1264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary S. Rose ◽  
Christina A. Arnold ◽  
Kamran Badizadegan ◽  
Christopher M. Carter ◽  
Miriam R. Conces ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Disease ◽  
Histologic Finding ◽  
Ultrastructural Examination ◽  
Patient Age ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Patient Âgé ◽  
Embedded Blocks ◽  
Cytoplasmic Structures ◽  
Immunocompromised Hosts ◽  
Hematoxylin Eosin

Context.—Cystoisospora belli is an intracellular parasite associated with gastrointestinal disease in immunocompromised hosts. Although infection has been classically associated with intestinal disease, studies have identified Cystoisospora in the gallbladder of immunocompetent patients based on hematoxylin-eosin morphology. Recently, the identity of this histologic finding as Cystoisospora has been questioned based on negative results of nucleic acid studies.Objective.—To determine the prevalence of this histologic feature in pediatric patients, we retrospectively reviewed all cholecystectomy specimens from a pediatric hospital during a 24-month period.Design.—In 180 cholecystectomy specimens, we identified 11 cases (6.1%) with classical histologic features previously described to represent Cystoisospora organisms. To further investigate these structures, we retrieved tissue from paraffin-embedded blocks and performed electron microscopy.Results.—Ultrastructural examination identified ovoid perinuclear cytoplasmic structures composed of dense fibrillar aggregates rather than organisms. Patients with positive cases were similar in age to controls (positive cases: mean patient age 13.4 years [range, 2–23 years]; negative cases: mean patient age 14.7 years [range, 12 weeks–31 years]; P = .35). There was no significant association of this finding with cholelithiasis (54.5% versus 65.1%, P = .52), cholesterolosis (0% versus 22.5%, P = .12), acute cholecystitis (9.1% versus 10.1%, P > .99), or chronic cholecystitis (45.5% versus 66.3%, P = .20).Conclusions.—To our knowledge, this is the first positive identification of these structures as cytoplasmic fibrillar aggregates rather than parasitic inclusions by ultrastructural examination, and the first study of this histologic finding in pediatric cholecystectomies.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Expression of C-kit (CD117) in Ependymomas and Oligodendrogliomas

2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisiane Silveira Zavalhia ◽  
Mirian Romitti ◽  
Gabriel Corteze Netto ◽  
Giovana Tavares dos Santos ◽  
Rosalva Thereza Meurer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kinase Inhibitor ◽  
Tumor Grade ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Myelogenous Leukemia ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Glial Tumors ◽  
Sti 571 ◽  
Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Therapy ◽  
Embedded Blocks ◽  
Formalin Fixed

C-kitis a proto-oncogene located on the long arm of chromosome 4. Its product, CD117, is a specific immunohistochemical (IHQ) marker that is associated with response to a potent tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy with STI-571 (Gleevec®) in chronic myelogenous leukemia and GISTs. In our study, we aimed to evaluate the expression of CD117 in glial tumors as this finding may guide therapeutic approaches for these brain tumors. Ependymomas and oligodendrogliomas, in formalin fixed and paraffin embedded blocks were assayed for CD117 immunoreactivity using anti-c-kit (CD117, DAKO). GISTs were used as positive control. We observed immunoreactivity of CD117 protein in 25.5% of tumors in both histological types. In oligodendrogliomas, there was an association between older age at diagnosis and positivity for CD117 (P= 0.039). In addition, we observed an association between higher tumor grade (grade III) and positivity for CD117 (P= 0.007). No clinical association was observed in ependymomas (P> 0.05). This study encourages further investigations, considering that CD117 may be a possible oncogenic factor in some glial tumors. In this case, tumors that express this marker may eventually benefit from a therapy with selective inhibitors of receptor kinases.

The effect of benzo[α]pyrene on expression and signaling cross talk of aryl hydrocarbon receptor and NFATc1 in mouse lung tissue

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (7) ◽  
pp. 1246-1253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maliheh Parsa ◽  
Seyed Nasser Ostad ◽  
Seyed Mohammad Hossein Noori Moogahi ◽  
Mohammad Bayat ◽  
Mohammad Hossein Ghahremani
Keyword(s):  
Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor ◽  
Lung Tissue ◽  
Cross Talk ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
Lung Damage ◽  
Mouse Lung ◽  
Aryl Hydrocarbon ◽  
Embedded Blocks ◽  
Mouse Lung Tissue ◽  
Imagej Software

Objective: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are potent environmental pollutants. Benzo[α]pyrene (B[α]P) is the major compound of PAHs that acts by activating aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in cells. B[α]P is a known carcinogen and an immunotoxicant; however, its role with regard to nuclear factor of activated T cell (NFAT) pathway is unclear. AhR and NFAT signaling pathways have common roles in pathological functions in immunotoxicity and lung cancer. In this study, the effect of AhR activation on expression and signaling cross talk of AhR and NFATc1 pathways in mouse lung tissue has been investigated. Methods: Swiss albino mice were randomly allocated to five groups and administered with cyclosporin A (CsA) and B[α]P for seven constitutive days. Animals were then killed, and lung tissues were obtained after washing the whole blood. Paraffin-embedded blocks were prepared, and 5 µm sections were cut for histopathological and immunohistochemical assessments. The results were scored by observer and digitally analyzed using ImageJ software. Results: Our data showed that CsA administration resulted in a significant reduction of AhR expression. This effect was partly blocked in mice coadministrated with B[α]P and CsA. NFATc1 expression was also reduced in CsA-treated animals. Furthermore, CsA inhibited the pathological effects of B[α]P in mouse lung tissue. Conclusion: AhR expression is dependent on NFATc1 activation, and NFATc1 inhibition remarkably decreases AhR expression. However, it seems that total expression of NFATc1 is not dependent on AhR expression or activation. Moreover, CsA can prevent B[α]P-induced lung tissue damage, and it remarkably decreases NFATc1 expression. The results from this study point toward the molecular interactions of AhR and NFATc1 activation in lung tissue and the benefit of CsA treatment in B[α]P-induced lung damage.

scholarly journals Detection of Human Cytomegalovirus in Different Histopathological Types of Glioma in Iraqi Patients

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haidar A. Shamran ◽  
Haider S. Kadhim ◽  
Aws R. Hussain ◽  
Abdulameer Kareem ◽  
Dennis D. Taub ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Cytomegalovirus ◽  
Hcmv Infection ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antigen Expression ◽  
Active Role ◽  
The Body ◽  
Benign Meningioma ◽  
Late Antigen ◽  
Embedded Blocks

Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is an endemic herpes virus that reemerges in cancer patients enhancing oncogenic potential. HCMV infection is associated with certain types of cancer morbidity such as glioblastomas. HCMV, like all other herpes viruses, has the ability to remain latent within the body of the host and can contribute in chronic inflammation. To determine the role of HCMV in glioma pathogenesis, paraffin-embedded blocks from glioma patients (n=50) and from benign meningioma patients (n=30) were obtained and evaluated by immunohistochemistry and polymerase chain reaction for the evidence of HCMV antigen expression and the presence of viral DNA. We detected HCMV antigen and DNA for IEI-72, pp65, and late antigen in 33/36, 28/36, and 26/36 in glioblastoma multiforme patients whereas 12/14, 10/14, and 9/14 in anaplastic astrocytoma patients, respectively. Furthermore, 84% of glioma patients were positive for immunoglobulin G (IgG) compared to 72.5% among control samples (P=0.04). These data indicate the presence of the HCMV virus in a high percentage of glioma samples demonstrating distinct histopathological grades and support previous reports showing the presence of HCMV infection in glioma tissue. These studies demonstrate that detection of low-levels of latent viral infections may play an active role in glioma development and pathogenesis.

Subgroup analysis of GEICAM 9906 trial comparing six cycles of FE90C (FEC) to four cycles of FE90C followed by 8 weekly paclitaxel administrations (FECP): Relevance of HER2 and hormonal status (HR)

2007 ◽  
Vol 25 (18_suppl) ◽  
pp. 10598-10598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Á. Rodríguez-Lescure ◽  
M. Martín ◽  
A. Ruiz ◽  
E. Alba ◽  
L. Calvo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Subgroup Analysis ◽  
Disease Free Survival ◽  
Tissue Microarrays ◽  
Her2 Status ◽  
Her2 Positive ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
Maximum Benefit ◽  
Embedded Blocks ◽  
Secondary Objective ◽  
Better Than

10598 Background: GEICAM 9906 interim analysis showed FECP improved disease-free survival (DFS) compared to FEC (SABCS 2005, abstract #39). As a secondary objective, predictive markers were centrally determined and DFS of subgroups analyzed. A prior report from CALGB 9344 trial suggested that patients (pt) with HER2+ tumors get the maximum benefit with adjuvant P (ASCO 2006, abstract #510). We aimed to confirm this finding in our dataset. Methods: 1248 node + pt received 6 q3wk cycles (cy) of FEC (600/90/600 mg/m2) or 4 cy of same FEC followed by 8 wk cy of P (100 mg/m2). Tumor paraffin-embedded blocks were prospectively collected from 889 pt (71%) for Tissue Microarrays. Statistical analysis used Kaplan-Meier estimates for DFS by treatment group at a median follow-up (FU) of 65 months (m). HER2 status was evaluated by FISH. HR status was determined by IHC, following Allred criteria. Results: At a median of 65 m FU, DFS for FECP remains better than FEC (79% vs. 72%; p=0.0042; HR= 0.71). HER2: DFS for HER2+ and HER2- pt were 66% vs. 78% (p=0.0008; HR= 0.60). HER2+ subgroup (n=177): DFS with FECP and FEC were 63% vs. 70% [p=0.5187, HR=1.18 (0.71–1.98)]. HER2- subgroup (n=712): FECP was significantly better than FEC [82% vs. 74%, p=0.0075; HR=0.65 (0.48–0.89)]. HR: DFS for HR+ and HR- pt were 80% vs. 68% (p<0.0001; HR= 0.52). HR+ subgroup (n=561): DFS with FECP and FEC were 82% vs. 79%, [p=0.2162; HR=0.79 (0.54–1.15)]. HR- subgroup (n=311): DFS was 72% vs. 65% [p=0.1633, HR=0.76 (0.51–1.12)]. DFS data in the four HER2/HR subgroups is summarized in the table . Conclusions: FECP is superior to FEC mostly in HER2-HR- (triple negative) tumors. Our subgroup analysis does not support the superiority of the paclitaxel-containing arm (FECP) in pt with HER2 positive tumors. [Table: see text] [Table: see text]

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