Pharmacology of Neuropeptides: Substance P, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptides, Neuropeptide Y, Calcitonin Peptides and Their Receptors

The effect of vasoactive peptides on vascular smooth muscle in the cerebral microcirculation was examined using an isolated intracerebral arteriole preparation. Extraluminally applied vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) dilated the spontaneous tone of intracerebral arterioles to 118.9 ± 3.1% of control diameter at pH 7.30, with an EC50 of 7.27 × 10−8 M. Similar degrees of dilation to VIP were seen in vessels preconstricted by changing bath solution to pH 7.60. Substance P had no effect on vessel diameter at pH 7.30. However, in vessels precontracted by pH 7.60, significant dose-dependent dilation was observed with an EC50 of 2.55 × 10−10 M. Neuropeptide constricted intracerebral arterioles to 8l.22 ± 2.7% of control diameter, with an EC50 of 6.23 × 10−10 M. Bradykinin dilated intracerebral arterioles at pH 7.30 and pH 7.60 to 130 ± 3.0% of control diameter. VIP and bradykinin are potent vasodilators of intracerebral arterioles. Neuropeptide Y is a vasoconstrictor. The effect of substance P appeared to be either pH-dependent or dependent on some degree of precontraction by another agonist, but no effect on vessel diameter was seen at pH 7.30.

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Neuropeptide (neuropeptide Y, neurotensin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, somatostatin) immunohistochemistry and ultrastructure of renal nerves

Histochemistry ◽

10.1007/bf00496578 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 89 (1) ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 62

Author(s):

M. Reinecke ◽

W. G. Forssmann

Keyword(s):

Substance P ◽

Neuropeptide Y ◽

Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide ◽

Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide ◽

Renal Nerves ◽

Related Peptide ◽

Calcitonin Gene ◽

Intestinal Polypeptide

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Immunohistochemical evidence for the presence of a vasoactive intestinal peptide, neuropeptide Y and substance P in rat adrenal medulla after heat stress

Archives of Biological Sciences ◽

10.2298/abs1201007p ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 64 (1) ◽

pp. 7-13

Author(s):

Dragana Petrovic-Kosanovic ◽

Vesna Koko

Keyword(s):

Heat Stress ◽

Substance P ◽

Neuropeptide Y ◽

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide ◽

Adrenal Medulla ◽

Chromaffin Cells ◽

Ganglion Cells ◽

Nerve Fibers ◽

Acute Heat Stress ◽

Immunohistochemical Evidence

Immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of VIP-, NPY- and SP-immunoreactivity in the rat adrenal medulla. VIP- and NPY-immunoreactivity was detected in chromaffin and ganglion cells and in nerve fibers, but SP-immunoreactivity was found only in chromaffin cells. After acute heat stress, VIP- and NPY- immunoreactivities in cells and nerve fibers were reduced, probably as a result of the release of these peptides with catecholamines. The absence of SP-immunoreactive ganglion cells in the adrenal medulla suggests that the SP-immunoreactive nerve fibers are extrinsic in origin.

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Receptor binding of guinea pig and pig vasoactive intestinal peptides by rat lung

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bj2540613 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 254 (2) ◽

pp. 613-615 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

S Paul ◽

D J Volle ◽

J Currie

Keyword(s):

Amino Acid ◽

Guinea Pig ◽

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide ◽

Receptor Binding ◽

Amino Acid Residues ◽

Rat Lung ◽

Intestinal Peptides ◽

Peptide Hydrolases ◽

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptides

Guinea pig vasoactive intestinal peptide (gpVIP) differs from other mammalian VIPs in four of its 28 amino acid residues. In the present study, the gpVIP displaced 125I-labelled pig VIP (pVIP) binding by rat lung membranes with 7.7-fold lower potency than pVIP. Degradation of gpVIP by rat lung membranes, assessed by radioimmunoassay and h.p.l.c., was 1.9-fold greater than that of pVIP. This difference in degradation of the two peptides was not large enough to account for the lower receptor-binding potency of gpVIP. The amino acid residues that distinguish pVIP from gpVIP are likely to contribute to the interaction of VIP with receptors and peptide hydrolases in lung membranes.

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Peptide based therapy for neurological disorders

Current Protein and Peptide Science ◽

10.2174/1389203722666210920151810 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 ◽

Author(s):

Asmita Yadav ◽

Damini Pandey ◽

Ghulam Md Ashraf ◽

Rachana

Keyword(s):

Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽

Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽

High Throughput Screening ◽

Mitochondrial Permeability Transition ◽

Permeability Transition ◽

Eukaryotic Cells ◽

Haemolytic Activity ◽

Peptide Bonds ◽

Intestinal Peptides ◽

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptides

: Peptides are small molecules composed of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. The targeted action of these peptides along with their magnificent ability to reach locations in body that are complicated to access, is being considered of tremendous potential in disease modifying therapies. Synthetic as well as natural peptides like Carnosine are currently under research for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs). Peptide based vaccines are currently under immense research for diseases like dementia. Toxicity of peptide-based drugs tfigureowards eukaryotic cells due to their increased haemolytic activity is of major concern and this is being tackled by introducing modifications into the peptide structure. Some crucial peptide inhibitors currently in use for neurodegenerative disorders include Aβ (16-20) KLVFF for Alzheimer’s disease, NAPVSIPQ (NAP) for Parkinson’s disease, towards eukaryotic cells Vasoactive Intestinal Peptides (VIP) for Huntington’s disease, Polyglutamine Binding Peptide-1(QBP1) for Dentatorubral-paiidoluysial atrophy (DRPLA). Certain peptides are involved in inhibition of mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) that plays a prominent part in the materialization of neurodegenerative diseases, one such example of peptides being Ba-V which is obtained from Bothrops atrox snake venom. New therapeutic peptides are being identified using bioinformatics tools like high throughput screening (HTS). These tools are being used to explore the selectivity, stability, extent of immune response and toxic side effects of peptides. Apart from neurodegenerative diseases, the potential of bioactive peptides is also being tested against cancer, diabetes and microbes. This review focuses on the recent advances in peptide therapeutics and novel peptides discovered for treatment of the NDs.

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