scholarly journals A Brief History of the Evolution of Biometrics and Biometric Database Systems Crossing Borders in EU Law Enforcement

2020 ◽  
pp. 15-34
Author(s):  
Nina Amelung ◽  
Rafaela Granja ◽  
Helena Machado
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Database Systems ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Forensic Dna ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
System A ◽  
The World ◽  
Migration Control ◽  
History Of

Abstract This chapter provides an outline of the historical evolution of biometric databases in the European Union and explores how these developments reconfigure notions of borders within this region of the world. This sets the scene for understanding how the melange of biometrical technologies and digitization has reconfigured how we think about the mobility of people, how modes of surveillance relate to human rights and ethical issues, and what modes of regulation are being enforced. This brief historical summary covers the evolution of a range of diverse biometric technologies and database systems and their use in the context of migration control and law enforcement. Furthermore, the chapter contextualizes why the Prüm system, a decentralized database system designed to facilitate the mandatory exchange of forensic DNA data amongst EU Member States to control criminality and terrorism, is of relevance to the concept of bioborders.

scholarly journals Corporate law in Ukraine within the framework of approaching the European Union standards

2020 ◽  
pp. 181-188
Author(s):  
Valentyna Vasylieva ◽  
Anatolii Kostruba
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Corporate Law ◽  
Eu Law ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Legal Nature ◽  
European Union Countries ◽  
History Of ◽  
National Systems ◽  
Supranational Level

The article is devoted to adaptation of the national corporate law to the law of European Union`s corporations. Special attention has been given to define the legal nature of the corporation. It is concluded that there is no established understanding of the above concepts in national legal science. The main approaches to the corporate legal nature in particular European systems of justice - in FRG, France, England - are considered in depth. Significant differences between the legislation of Ukraine and legislation of the European Union countries based on the history of their development and peculiarities of specific national systems of justice are detected. The regulation of corporate relations in the European Union at supranational level is considered. It is concluded that the European Union supranational law is its corporate law. The priority areas for unification of European corporate law at the supranational level are analyzed. The main instruments to adjust the activities of corporations in EU law are identified to be the Directives aimed at harmonizing and unifying national legislation of EU Member States.

Law enforcement practice in the EU in the field of labor migration

2020 ◽  
pp. 50-58
Author(s):  
Natalia G. Dekhanova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Access To Services ◽  
Labor Migrants ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Social Nature ◽  
Further Development ◽  
The Eu

The article analyzes the regulatory framework. establishing the sta- tus of citizens of the countries of the European Union (EU). The author identifies problems that can become an obstacle in the process of unification of the law regulating labor of migrants in the EU countries. The study identified and analyzed the main problems faced by migrants from EU countries, in particular, migration registration, registration as an individual entrepreneur, access to services in the financial and credit sector and many other areas of activity of labor migrants. The author uses an integrated approach to considering the problems of mi- gration, economic and social nature. A proposal was made on the further development of partnerships between EU member states in the context of a pandemic and the introduction of severe restrictions.

Unia Rynków Kapitałowych – ewolucja czy rewolucja europejskiego modelu rynku kapitałowego?

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 ◽  
pp. 153-170
Author(s):  
Michał Czykierda
Keyword(s):  
Capital Markets ◽  
Market Integration ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Investment Funds ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Capital Markets Union ◽  
History Of ◽  
Rate Environment ◽  
The Eu

In September 2015, the European Commission announced the first actions of its plan to build a Capital Markets Union in Europe. The undertaken restructuring of the financing model is designed to make a shift in the main channel through which enterprises raise investment funds, from loans to capital, and – as a result – contribute to more dynamic growth in the EU Member States. I describe the key features of the Commission’s plan and discuss the economic rationale behind it. The plan has many strengths but also some weaknesses, such as limited ambition in the supervision and enforcement of securities regulations. Other challenges to the development of European capital markets include the financial transactions tax, the low-interest-rate environment, cultural reasons, and potential political opposition. My paper deals first of all with highlighting the structure of the financial sector in the European Union. It provides a overview of the role of the different financial and no financial sectors in offering capital funds to accomplish the needs of households, companies, governments, etc.. I also describe the history of capital market integration in the EU. The paper also analyses some important aspects of the implementation of the Capital Markets Union, which will be a key step in completing the EU Single Market. I concluded that the integration of the capital markets will be a strong step in supporting economic growth and competitiveness in the EU in the long run.

scholarly journals Introduction: Pluralism, Contestation, and the Rule of Law

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Cherry
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Colonial State ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Indigenous Nations ◽  
The World ◽  
The Face ◽  
Democratic Election

Around the world, the current political conjuncture is one of profound challenges for constitutionalism and the rule of law. In the United States, the executive has willfully engaged in a prolonged attempt to weaponize the machinery of the state and radicalize public opinion in order to undermine a democratic election. In the European Union, the increasingly authoritarian relationship between the executive and the judiciary in Poland and Hungary is posing the most profound threat to European constitutionalism in decades. In Hong Kong, the Chinese state is actively seeking to undermine legislative and judicial independence in the face of unprecedented pro-democracy mobilizations. In India, Lebanon, Bolivia, and elsewhere mass mobilizations are challenging, and being suppressed in the name of, the rule of law. Here in Canada, the Wet’suwet’en and their supporters, as well as the Tsleil Waututh, Haudenosaunee, L’nu (Mi’kmaq), Inuit, and members of countless other Indigenous nations are contesting the very nature of the rule of law, as they assert Indigenous laws against the law enforcement of the colonial state. Around the world, the use of emergency powers in response to the COVID-19 pandemic is also raising profound constitutional concerns.

scholarly journals Melt Blown Dies: A Hot Innovation Spot

2002 ◽  
Vol os-11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1558925002OS-01 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ron (Rongguo) Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Product Development ◽  
New Product Development ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
New Product ◽  
Melt Blowing ◽  
System A ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
User Friendly

Melt blown (MB) technology requires precisely engineered and user-friendly equipment for successful new product development. Many significant efforts have been made to fully understand the technology and to improve the equipment by researchers and engineers around the world. The die assembly has always been the hot innovation spot in the history of melt blown technology developments. Among more than 210 U.S. patents related to melt blowing technology, approximately one-third of them are about hardware equipment and over 30 patents are on MB die assembly; the assembly consists of a polymer feed distribution system, a nose-piece and two adjustable air knives in many cases. Most of them are utility patents having the following three characteristics: novelty, utility and non-obviousness. In this paper, I will discuss selected patents in the MB history chronologically and focus on their novelty.

The Effectiveness of Europe’s Economic and ‘Soft’ Power Instruments in its Relations with the State of Israel

2005 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 161-188
Author(s):  
Guy Harpaz
Keyword(s):  
Soft Power ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Perpetual Peace ◽  
Human Happiness ◽  
The World ◽  
Protection Of Human Rights ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Of Israel ◽  
The Eu

The european integration programme is a unique and ambitious attempt on the part of numerous nations, with a long history of armed conflicts and diverse cultural, linguistic, legal and economic traditions, to become integrated under a ‘new legal order’. Indeed, the European Union (‘EU’) can look back with much satisfaction on its record of transforming a large part of Europe, once afflicted by wars, nationalist divisions, Nazism and Fascism, into a region where peace, political moderation and protection of human rights prevail. Now, the EU wishes to externalise its success. As Robert Kagan has argued inPower and Weakness, ‘the transmission of the European miracle to the rest of the world has become Europe’s newmission civilisatrice. Just as Americans have always believed that they had discovered the secret to human happiness and wished to export it to the rest of the world, so the Europeans have a new mission born of their own discovery of perpetual peace’.

scholarly journals Crimmigration checks in the internal border areas of the EU: Finding the discretion that matters

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maartje van der Woude ◽  
Joanne van der Leun
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Border Control ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Discretionary Power ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Law Enforcement Officials ◽  
Border Areas ◽  
The Eu

Internal borders are a major but understudied site of crimmigration as most scholarship has focused on external borders (Van der Woude and Van Berlo, 2015). Internal borders were supposed to disappear under the principle of free movement within the European Union. But today we see EU member states policing the borders inside Schengen, checking identification, verifying passage, and regulating mobility in so-called ‘gray zones’. This article investigates this type of policing within the EU, focusing on the case of the Netherlands. It argues that the policing of internal borders is highly dependent upon discretionary power, a significant factor in the crimmigration process that we do not know enough about. Following Hawkins (1992, 2003), Schneider (1992), and Bushway and Forst (2013) on discretion and discretionary decision-making, we examine the interaction between decisions by law-makers and policy-makers that create discretionary space for law enforcement officials on the ground, and the way in which these street-level bureaucrats perceive the discretionary space attributed to them. By zeroing in on the interaction between these two actors, we aim to find the discretionary decision that matters the most in terms of explaining the crimmigration practices, offering a more holistic and interdisciplinary approach to border control. We discuss the implications of this power and the consequences for the European Project as such.

scholarly journals CHALLENGES AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE ASYLUM SYSTEM IN THE EUROPEAN UNION

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (8) ◽  
pp. 54-63
Author(s):  
Iveta Adijāne
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
The World ◽  
Asylum Procedure ◽  
The Eu

There still is a lack of unity among EU Member States on asylum issues, both, in the practical application of the existing legal framework and in the direction of the common asylum system. Latvia is subject of both international and European Union common asylum conditions. Any changes in the scale of the European Union affect Latvia, and the world situation in the field of refugees also affects our country. The aim of this article is to analyse the current situation of asylum in the EU, touching upon main trends in the world of refugees, and to identify the main problems in the existing asylum procedure in the EU. In order to achieve objectives, following research methods were used: monographic research of theoretical and empirical sources in order to analyse and evaluate various asylum domain information, analytical method in order to acquire legislative content and verities, comparative method in order to discover differences in legislation of asylum procedure in EU countries, systemic method in order to disclose interconnections in legislation, descriptive statistics method and correlation analysis in order to analyse process of asylum procedure and determine interconnections in asylum procedure time frame between legislation and practical instances in EU countries.

scholarly journals The Declaration of Helinski Revised by the World Medical Organisation, Edinburgh 2000

2001 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 633
Author(s):  
Erwin Deutsch
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Experimental Subject ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Declaration Of Helsinki ◽  
The World ◽  
Medical Organisation ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship

This is an edited version of a paper delivered at a conference in Gijon, Spain in 2001. Professor Deutsch provides an introduction to, and overview of, the recently revised Declaration of Helsinki. Early sets of international rules put the benefit and the wellbeing of the experimental subject in the first place and insist on weighing the benefit and the danger of the experiment against each other. The article covers the history of the Declaration, arguments about reforming the Declaration, a critique of the New Declaration of Helsinki 2000, and the relationship between the Declaration and the European Union. 

scholarly journals Dynamic development of the winery sector in Greece

2021 ◽  
pp. 214-217
Author(s):  
Х.Д. Пасхалидис ◽  
Л.Д. Папаконстантину ◽  
С.С. Сотиропулос ◽  
Д.П. Петропулос ◽  
Д.Г. Таскос ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Continuous Cultivation ◽  
Wine Industry ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Foreign Markets ◽  
Wine Production ◽  
Long Period ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Greek Economy

Виноградарство в Греции - старейшая отрасль, но в последние годы наблюдается сокращение площадей, предназначенных для производства винодельческой продукции. Производство и маркетинг вина - сильная промышленность в мировой экономике. Международный и внутренний рынки стандартизированных вин считаются высоко конкурентными и комплексными. История греческого вина охватывает чрезвычайно долгий период, самый продолжительный в мире с точки зрения непрерывного выращивания винограда и производства вин с незапамятных времен. Виноделие - один из важнейших секторов греческой экономики не только для внутреннего рынка напитков, но и для развития и продвижения традиционных греческих продуктов за рубежом в целом. В винодельческой отрасли в последние годы произошли структурные изменения, направленные на повышение конкурентоспособности греческих вин для занятия ими достойного места на международном рынке. В последние пять лет среди греческих винных компаний стали появляться тенденции к международной экстраверсии. Греция по производству вина занимает 12-е место в мире и 4-е в Европейском Союзе. В этой работе делается попытка составить карту «маршрута» вина с его разновидностями и объемами производства по всей Греции. Viticulture in Greece is the oldest, but in recent years there has been a reduction of areas intended for wine production. Wine production and marketing is a strong industry worldwide. The global and domestic market for standardized wine is considered to be complex and highly competitive. The history of Greek wine covers an extremely long period of time, the longest in the world, in terms of continuous cultivation of the vine and the timeless production of wines. The wine industry is one of the most important sectors of Greek economy not only for the domestic beverage market, but also for the development and promotion of Greek traditional products in general in foreign markets. In wine industry, structural changes have taken place in recent years aimed to increase the competitiveness of Greek wines, in order to gain a worthy position in the international market. Last five years, there has been a trend for international extroversion by Greek wine companies. Greece with wine production occupies 12 place in the world and 4 in the European Union. This work attempts to map the "route" of wine with its varieties and production quantities throughout Greece.

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