Injury Pattern Among Drivers Involved in Single Frontal Crash Based on the Police Reported Accident Data in Malaysia

2021 ◽  
pp. 219-229
Author(s):  
M. N. Noordin ◽  
H. Osman ◽  
Hanida Abdul Aziz ◽  
N. Rosli ◽  
M. Widia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Injury Pattern ◽  
Frontal Crash ◽  
Accident Data

Dangers of Seatback Recline in a Moving Vehicle: How Seatback Recline Increases the Injury Severity and Shifts Injury Pattern

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandrashekhar K. Thorbole
Keyword(s):  
Injury Prevention ◽  
Injury Severity ◽  
Cervical Spinal Cord ◽  
Injury Pattern ◽  
Mechanism Analysis ◽  
Severe Injuries ◽  
Moving Vehicle ◽  
Frontal Crash ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Belt System

The seatbelt is the most important safety device that saves the life during vehicle collisions. The majority of vehicles available today are equipped with the conventional single loop three-point belt systems. In this belt system for the front outboard positions, the shoulder anchor point (D-Ring) is fixed on the vehicle B-pillar. Vehicle manufacturers are required to show the compliance with established FMVSS regulations ensuring adequate safety performance of restraint system during a frontal crash scenario. This performance evaluation is based on the study of the biomechanical response of the crash dummy used. In these evaluations, the front outboard seats and respective seatbacks are set to be based on manufacturers nominal riding position that usually consist of seatback recline less than 20 deg with vertical. The conventional belt and its fit around the occupant are the function of seatback recline angle. The belt fit get worse with higher seatback recline angles and reduce the level of protection offered during a frontal crash scenario. In some situations, this condition also causes severe to critical injuries. The purpose of this study was to conduct research on the effect of automotive reclined seatback in a moving vehicle on the deterioration of occupant protection and modification in the injury pattern. A real world case is investigated and presented in this paper explaining the dangers of reclined seat in moving a car with a conventional belt system. The investigation involved a detailed study of crash reports, Medical documents, medical scans, accident reconstruction, vehicle inspection, witness statements and other pertinent crash related facts. A surrogate study is conducted on a similar vehicle to identify occupant’s body configuration with respect to various interior components of the vehicle including the seatbelt webbing. The surrogate study also facilitates the understanding of interior marks generated by occupant contact during secondary impacts. A detailed injury mechanism analysis is conducted to identify the best injury prevention countermeasure in such scenario. The injured occupant sustained cervical spinal cord injury in this crash. Abdomen fat stranding analysis is conducted to conclude the lap belt submarining in the crash with reclined seatback. An MADYMO computer modeling study is conducted to explain the occupant kinematics in this frontal crash with reclined seatback and locked hanging shoulder portion of the webbing. The analysis provides insight regarding the kinematics and body interaction with various involved physical components inside the vehicle. This model shows submarining of the pelvis under lap belt that shows occupants vulnerability for abdomen injuries along with other associated severe injuries. The altered kinematics causes occupants neck to interact with the locked shoulder portion of the seatbelt. This knowledge is extremely important for the development of the best injury prevention schemes by improving the crashworthy performance of the vehicle to prevent such injuries.

Prediction of Occupant Injuries for Improved eCall Efficiency

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Fuchs ◽  
P. Koenig
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Model ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Injury Severity ◽  
Injury Pattern ◽  
Good Prediction ◽  
Assessment Protocol ◽  
Rescue Chain ◽  
Hybrid Iii ◽  
Accident Data ◽  
Occupant Injuries

Especially in emerging markets, no emergency infrastructure is established. In case of an accident, passing road users need to call for help or the ambulance. An automated eCall to friends, family or in future directly to the rescue control with transmission of GPS position, probable injury pattern and injury severity could significantly improve the rescue chain and would save lives in large scale. Initial approaches to the prediction of an injury pattern were investigated in this paper. A simulation model of a reference vehicle and with a hybrid III 50 percentile dummy was built by using the program MADYMO. A large amount of real accident data was processed using an algorithm created in MATLAB. This made it possible to adapt the acceleration data with identical rules and to determine the different restraint system ignition times. The algorithm allows the data to be used in the simulation model. Furthermore, the corresponding accident descriptions were analysed and translated into protection criteria level by means of literature. For the subsequent evaluation, the assessment protocol (Version 8.0.3) of the European New Car Assessment Programme (EuroNCAP) was used. To validate the model, an ordinal rating system was created to compare the ratings of the simulation and the injury descriptions. The results indicate a good prediction of the injury patterns with an agreement of 39.56 percent. Especially considering that a large number of influencing parameters are unknown.

Patterns of Incorporation of 75Se-Methionine into Fibrinogen and Other Plasma Proteins in Rabbits Stimulated by Different Test Conditions

1973 ◽  
Vol 29 (01) ◽  
pp. 076-086 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uri Seligsohn ◽  
Samuel I. Rapaport ◽  
Ariella Zivelin
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Plasma Proteins ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Injury Pattern ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Test Conditions

SummaryRabbits were injected with 75Se-Methionine (75SeM) 4-8 hr after being subjected to a variety of experimental conditions: injection of ACTH, growth hormone, glucagon, adrenalin, endotoxin, turpentine, hydrocortisone and laparotomy. All of these experimental conditions except injection of glucagon were associated with increased incorporation of 75SeM into fibrinogen. Three patterns of incorporation of 75SeM into plasma proteins were recognized: 1. the pituitary pattern, which was observed in animals injected with ACTH, growth hormone or endotoxin, and which was characterized by increased incorporation of 75SeM only into fibrinogen and by a delayed incorporation of 75SeM into α2 and β1 globulins; 2. the tissue injury pattern, which was characterized by a markedly increased incorporation of 75SeM into fibrinogen and no alteration in incorporation of 75SeM into α2 or β1 globulins; and 3. the pharmacologic corticosteroid pattern, which was characterized by a moderately increased incorporation of 75SeM into fibrinogen and a strikingly increased incorporation of 75SeM into α2 and β1 globulins.

scholarly journals Assessing inequality, irregularity, and severity regarding road traffic safety during COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Lin ◽  
Feng Shi ◽  
Weizi Li
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Human Mobility ◽  
Critical Conditions ◽  
Road Traffic Safety ◽  
Accident Data ◽  
The Impact

AbstractCOVID-19 has affected every sector of our society, among which human mobility is taking a dramatic change due to quarantine and social distancing. We investigate the impact of the pandemic and subsequent mobility changes on road traffic safety. Using traffic accident data from the city of Los Angeles and New York City, we find that the impact is not merely a blunt reduction in traffic and accidents; rather, (1) the proportion of accidents unexpectedly increases for “Hispanic” and “Male” groups; (2) the “hot spots” of accidents have shifted in both time and space and are likely moved from higher-income areas (e.g., Hollywood and Lower Manhattan) to lower-income areas (e.g., southern LA and southern Brooklyn); (3) the severity level of accidents decreases with the number of accidents regardless of transportation modes. Understanding those variations of traffic accidents not only sheds a light on the heterogeneous impact of COVID-19 across demographic and geographic factors, but also helps policymakers and planners design more effective safety policies and interventions during critical conditions such as the pandemic.

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