Climate-Responsible Management of Tropical Peatlands: The Need for Integrated MRV for Tropical Peatland Ecosystem

2021 ◽  
pp. 443-462
Author(s):  
Haruni Krisnawati ◽  
Wahyu Catur Adinugroho ◽  
Rinaldi Imanuddin
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Peatland ◽  
Responsible Management ◽  
Tropical Peatlands

scholarly journals Effects of sterilization techniques on chemodenitrification and N<sub>2</sub>O production in tropical peat soil microcosms

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (23) ◽  
pp. 4601-4612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steffen Buessecker ◽  
Kaitlyn Tylor ◽  
Joshua Nye ◽  
Keith E. Holbert ◽  
Jose D. Urquiza Muñoz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Nitrite Reduction ◽  
Iron Speciation ◽  
Γ Irradiation ◽  
N2o Production ◽  
Tropical Peatland ◽  
Organic Matter Composition ◽  
Tropical Peatlands ◽  
Denitrification Activity

Abstract. Chemodenitrification – the non-enzymatic process of nitrite reduction – may be an important sink for fixed nitrogen in tropical peatlands. Rates and products of chemodenitrification are dependent on O2, pH, Fe2+ concentration, and organic matter composition, which are variable across peat soils. Assessing abiotic reaction pathways is difficult because sterilization and inhibition agents can alter the availability of reactants by changing iron speciation and organic matter composition. We compared six commonly used soil sterilization techniques – γ irradiation, chloroform, autoclaving, and the use of three different chemical inhibitors (mercury, zinc, and azide) – for their compatibility with chemodenitrification assays for tropical peatland soils (organic-rich, low-pH soil from the eastern Amazon). Out of the six techniques, γ irradiation resulted in soil treatments with the lowest cell viability and denitrification activity and the least effect on pH, iron speciation, and organic matter composition. Nitrite depletion rates in γ-irradiated soils were highly similar to untreated (live) soils, whereas other sterilization techniques showed deviations. Chemodenitrification was a dominant process of nitrite consumption in tropical peatland soils assayed in this study. Nitrous oxide (N2O) is one possible product of chemodenitrification reactions. Abiotic N2O production was low to moderate (3 %–16 % of converted nitrite), and different sterilization techniques lead to significant variations on production rates due to inherent processes or potential artifacts. Our work represents the first methodological basis for testing the abiotic denitrification and N2O production potential in tropical peatland soil.

scholarly journals Fluvial organic carbon fluxes from oil palm plantations on tropical peatland

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (24) ◽  
pp. 7435-7450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Cook ◽  
Mick J. Whelan ◽  
Chris D. Evans ◽  
Vincent Gauci ◽  
Mike Peacock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Land Conversion ◽  
Tropical Peatland ◽  
Oil Palm Plantation ◽  
Tropical Peatlands ◽  
Carbon Losses

Abstract. Intact tropical peatlands are dense long-term stores of carbon. However, the future security of these ecosystems is at risk from land conversion and extensive peatland drainage. This can enhance peat oxidation and convert long-term carbon sinks into significant carbon sources. In Southeast Asia, the largest land use on peatland is for oil palm plantation agriculture. Here, we present the first annual estimate of exported fluvial organic carbon in the drainage waters of four peatland oil palm plantation areas in Sarawak, Malaysia. Total organic carbon (TOC) fluxes from the plantation second- and third-order drains were dominated (91 %) by dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and ranged from 34.4 ± 9.7 C m−2 yr−1 to 57.7 %, 16.3 g C m−2 yr−1 (± 95 % confidence interval). These fluxes represent a single-year survey which was strongly influenced by an El Ninõ event and therefore lower discharge than usual was observed. The magnitude of the flux was found to be influenced by water table depth, with higher TOC fluxes observed from more deeply drained sites. Radiocarbon dating on the DOC component indicated the presence of old (pre-1950s) carbon in all samples collected, with DOC at the most deeply drained site having a mean age of 735 years. Overall, our estimates suggest fluvial TOC contributes ∼ 5 % of total carbon losses from oil palm plantations on peat. Maintenance of high and stable water tables in oil palm plantations appears to be key to minimising TOC losses. This reinforces the importance of considering all carbon loss pathways, rather than just CO2 emissions from the peat surface, in studies of tropical peatland land conversion.

National Strategies on Responsible Management of Tropical Peatland in Malaysia

2021 ◽  
pp. 677-723
Author(s):  
Faizal Parish ◽  
Siew Yan (Serena) Lew ◽  
Aida Hayati Mohd Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Peatland ◽  
Responsible Management

Impact of fire on vegetation, soil microbes and CH4 emission from a degraded tropical peatland

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hasan Akhtar ◽  
Massimo Lupascu ◽  
Omkar S. Kulkarni ◽  
Aditya Bandla ◽  
Rahayu S. Sukri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Vegetation Structure ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Microbial Community Composition ◽  
Tropical Peatland ◽  
Tropical Peatlands ◽  
Peat Profile ◽  
The Impact

&lt;p&gt;Over the past few decades, tropical peatlands in Southeast Asia have been heavily degraded for multiple land uses, mainly by employing drainage and fire. More importantly, the extent of these degraded areas, primarily covered with ferns and sedges, have increased to almost 10% of the total peatland area in Southeast Asia. In particular, the role of sedges in plant-mediated gas transport to the atmosphere has been recognized as a significant CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; pathway in northern peatlands, however, in the Tropics this is still unknown. Within this context, we adopted an integrated approach using on-site measurements (CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, porewater physicochemical characteristics) with genomics to investigate the role of hydrology, vegetation structure, and microbiome on CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; emission from fire-degraded tropical peatland in Brunei.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160; We found for the first time that in degraded tropical peatlands of Southeast Asia, sedges transported 70-80% of the total CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; emission and significantly varied with values ranging from 1.22&amp;#177;0.13 to 6.15&amp;#177;0.57 mg CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; m&lt;sup&gt;-2&lt;/sup&gt; hr&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;, during dry and wet period, respectively. This variation was mainly attributed to water table position along with changes in sedge cover and porewater properties, which created more optimal methanogenesis conditions. Total emissions via this process might increase in the future as the extent of degraded tropical peatlands expands due to more frequent fire episodes and flooding.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160; Further, we used 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing to investigate the microbiomes in peat profile (above and below water table) as well as rhizo-compartments (Rhizosphere, Rhizoplane, Endosphere) of sedges. We found that the peat profile as well as rhizo-compartments of sedge harboured a higher number of methanogenic archaea in the order Methanomicrobiales and Methanobacteriales, compared to non-burnt and bulk soil, which further explains our findings of higher CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; emission from degraded tropical peatland areas covered with sedges. These insights into the impact of fire on hydrology, vegetation structure, and microbial community composition on CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; emissions provide an important basis for future studies on CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; dynamics in degraded tropical peatland areas.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Tropical peatlands and their conservation are important in the context of COVID-19 and potential future (zoonotic) disease pandemics

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e10283
Author(s):  
Mark E. Harrison ◽  
Lahiru S. Wijedasa ◽  
Lydia E.S. Cole ◽  
Susan M. Cheyne ◽  
Shofwan Al Banna Choiruzzad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Management ◽  
Research Training ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
International Travel ◽  
External Trade ◽  
Tropical Peatland ◽  
Haze Pollution ◽  
Tropical Peatlands ◽  
Wildlife Harvesting

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused global disruption, with the emergence of this and other pandemics having been linked to habitat encroachment and/or wildlife exploitation. High impacts of COVID-19 are apparent in some countries with large tropical peatland areas, some of which are relatively poorly resourced to tackle disease pandemics. Despite this, no previous investigation has considered tropical peatlands in the context of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs). Here, we review: (i) the potential for future EIDs arising from tropical peatlands; (ii) potential threats to tropical peatland conservation and local communities from COVID-19; and (iii) potential steps to help mitigate these risks. We find that high biodiversity in tropical peat-swamp forests, including presence of many potential vertebrate and invertebrate vectors, combined, in places, with high levels of habitat disruption and wildlife harvesting represent suitable conditions for potential zoonotic EID (re-)emergence. Although impossible to predict precisely, we identify numerous potential threats to tropical peatland conservation and local communities from the COVID-19 pandemic. This includes impacts on public health, with the potential for haze pollution from peatland fires to increase COVID-19 susceptibility a noted concern; and on local economies, livelihoods and food security, where impacts will likely be greater in remote communities with limited/no medical facilities that depend heavily on external trade. Research, training, education, conservation and restoration activities are also being affected, particularly those involving physical groupings and international travel, some of which may result in increased habitat encroachment, wildlife harvesting or fire, and may therefore precipitate longer-term negative impacts, including those relating to disease pandemics. We conclude that sustainable management of tropical peatlands and their wildlife is important for mitigating impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, and reducing the potential for future zoonotic EID emergence and severity, thus strengthening arguments for their conservation and restoration. To support this, we list seven specific recommendations relating to sustainable management of tropical peatlands in the context of COVID-19/disease pandemics, plus mitigating the current impacts of COVID-19 and reducing potential future zoonotic EID risk in these localities. Our discussion and many of the issues raised should also be relevant for non-tropical peatland areas and in relation to other (pandemic-related) sudden socio-economic shocks that may occur in future.

Root exudates compounds and microbial community composition regulates CH4 dynamics in fire degraded tropical peatland

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimo Lupascu ◽  
Hasan Akhtar ◽  
Aditya Bandla ◽  
Rahayu S Sukri ◽  
Sanjay Swarup
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Community Composition ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Root Exudates ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Microbial Community Composition ◽  
Vegetation Composition ◽  
Tropical Peatland ◽  
Tropical Peatlands ◽  
Labile C

&lt;p&gt;Fires and drainage are common disturbance factors in tropical peatlands (TP) in Southeast Asia. These disturbances alter the hydrology, vegetation composition, and peat biogeochemistry; thereby affecting the microbiome where microbial communities reside&lt;strong&gt;. &lt;/strong&gt;Studies from northern peatlands have well established the role of vegetation composition in regulating the labile C, in the form of plant root exudates, and microbial community composition affecting the peat decomposition; however, for tropics, it remains unexplored. Recent studies have also established how these fire-degraded TP areas become a hot spot of sedge-mediated CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; emission. To further our understanding of control mechanisms regulating CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; dynamics, we investigated the composition of plant root exudates (n=3 per plant species) from sedges (Scleria sumatrensis) and ferns (Blechnum indicum, Nephrolepis hirsutula), the most commonly occurring plant species at our fire-degraded tropical peatland site in Brunei, Northwest Borneo, as well as microbial community composition in plant (n=9 for S. sumatrensis, and B. indicum, and n=5 for N. hirsutula) rhizo-compartments (rhizosphere, rhizoplane, endosphere).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160; Using a targeted analysis, we found that the root exudates compounds secreted from sedge (Scleria sumatrensis) and one species of fern (Blechnum indicum) were significantly different (p&lt;0.05) and showed a similar ratio of 2:1 for sugars (glucose, fructose) and organic acids (acetate, formate, lactate, malate, oxalate, succinate, tartrate), which is in contrast to that secreted from trees in intact tropical peatlands (1:2). Further, using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, we found that the microbial community composition in rhizo-compartments of plant species showed significant differences (p&lt;0.001). Interestingly, the sedge species harboured a relatively higher abundance of methanogens (Thermoplasmata) and lesser methanotrophs (Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria) across all three compartments compared to fern species, which further supports the higher sedge-mediated CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; emissions from fire-degraded TP.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160; Our results provide fresh insights into the effects of post-fire vegetation composition in regulating the labile C and microbial community composition, and hence affecting CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; emissions from fire-degraded TP. Further, our results can form an important basis for future CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; dynamics studies as the emissions might increase with the expansion of degraded TPs as a consequence of frequent fire episodes and flooding&lt;/p&gt;

Integrating tropical peatland hydrology into a global land surface model (PEATCLSM)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Apers ◽  
Michel Bechtold ◽  
Andy J. Baird ◽  
Alexander R. Cobb ◽  
Greta Dargie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Surface ◽  
System Modeling ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Land Surface Model ◽  
Congo Basin ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Tropical Peatland ◽  
Biogeochemical Models ◽  
Peatland Hydrology ◽  
Tropical Peatlands

&lt;p&gt;Tropical peatlands have a specific hydrology that regulates their internal processes and functioning. External disturbances such as drainage, land cover and land use changes, and climate change could disrupt the peat-specific hydrology and convert the immense peatland carbon stocks into strong greenhouse gas (GHG) emitting sources. The need for (more) accurate monitoring of GHG emissions has led to the development of complex biogeochemical models, which highly depend on proper representation of peat-specific land surface hydrology. However, the latter is often inadequately accounted for in global Earth system modeling frameworks.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In this research, we leverage the PEATCLSM modules recently developed for the Catchment land surface model (CLSM) of the NASA Goddard Earth Observing System framework (Bechtold et al., 2019). These modules were evaluated for northern peatlands, hereafter referred to as PEATCLSM&lt;sub&gt;N&lt;/sub&gt;. Here, we present an extended version of PEATCLSM for tropical peatlands with literature-based parameter sets for natural (PEATCLSM&lt;sub&gt;T,Natural&lt;/sub&gt;) and drained (PEATCLSM&lt;sub&gt;T,Drained&lt;/sub&gt;) tropical peatlands. A suite of modeling experiments was conducted to compare the performance of PEATCLSM&lt;sub&gt;T,Natural&lt;/sub&gt;, PEATCLSM&lt;sub&gt;T,Drained&lt;/sub&gt;, PEATCLSM&lt;sub&gt;N&lt;/sub&gt;, and the currently operational CLSM version that includes peat parameters but no peat-specific model structure (CLSM&lt;sub&gt;O&lt;/sub&gt;). Simulations over major tropical peatland regions in Southeast Asia, the Congo Basin, and South and Central America were evaluated with a comprehensive and self-compiled dataset of groundwater table depth (WTD) and evapotranspiration (ET). Preliminary results show that the simulated WTD from CLSM&lt;sub&gt;O&lt;/sub&gt; exhibits too much temporal variability and large biases, either positive or negative. The temporal correlation coefficient between simulated and observed WTD for both PEATCLSM&lt;sub&gt;T,Natural&lt;/sub&gt; (over undeveloped peatlands only) and PEATCLSM&lt;sub&gt;T,Drained&lt;/sub&gt; (over drained peatlands only) is similar to that of PEATCLSM&lt;sub&gt;N&lt;/sub&gt;. However, both tropical versions reduce the average absolute bias to a few centimeters. Performance differences across the major tropical peatland regions are discussed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Reference: Bechtold, M., De Lannoy, G. J. M., Koster, R. D., Reichle, R. H., Mahanama, S. P., Bleuten, W., et al. (2019). PEAT&amp;#8208;CLSM: A specific treatment of peatland hydrology in the NASA Catchment Land Surface Model.&lt;em&gt; Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 11(7),&lt;/em&gt; 2130-2162. doi: 10.1029/2018MS001574&lt;/p&gt;

Tropical peatlands: current plight and the need for responsible management

Geology Today ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 174-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie M. Green ◽  
Susan Page
Keyword(s):  
Responsible Management ◽  
Tropical Peatlands

scholarly journals Peat Properties, Dominant Vegetation Type and Microbial Community Structure in a Tropical Peatland

Wetlands ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 1367-1377
Author(s):  
N. T. Girkin ◽  
R. A. Lopes dos Santos ◽  
C. H. Vane ◽  
N. Ostle ◽  
B. L. Turner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Microbial Community ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Microbial Community Structure ◽  
Vegetation Type ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Tropical Peatland ◽  
Tropical Peatlands ◽  
Peat Properties

Abstract Tropical peatlands are an important carbon store and source of greenhouse gases, but the microbial component, particularly community structure, remains poorly understood. While microbial communities vary between tropical peatland land uses, and with biogeochemical gradients, it is unclear if their structure varies at smaller spatial scales as has been established for a variety of peat properties. We assessed the abundances of PLFAs and GDGTs, two membrane spanning lipid biomarkers in bacteria and fungi, and bacteria and archaea, respectively, to characterise peat microbial communities under two dominant and contrasting plant species, Campnosperma panamensis (a broadleaved evergreen tree), and Raphia taedigera (a canopy palm), in a Panamanian tropical peatland. The plant communities supported similar microbial communities dominated by Gram negative bacteria (38.9–39.8%), with smaller but significant fungal and archaeal communities. The abundance of specific microbial groups, as well as the ratio of caldarchaeol:crenarchaeol, isoGDGT: brGDGTs and fungi:bacteria were linearly related to gravimetric moisture content, redox potential, pH and organic matter content indicating their role in regulating microbial community structure. These results suggest that tropical peatlands can exhibit significant variability in microbial community abundance even at small spatial scales, driven by both peat botanical origin and localised differences in specific peat properties.

Effects of microtopography, root exudates analogues and temperature variation on CO2 and CH4 production from fire-degraded tropical peat

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hasan Akhtar ◽  
Massimo Lupascu ◽  
Rahayu S. Sukri
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Temperature Variation ◽  
Water Saturation ◽  
Tropical Peatland ◽  
Diurnal Temperature ◽  
Tropical Peat ◽  
Tropical Peatlands ◽  
Labile C ◽  
Strong Source ◽  
Diurnal Temperature Variation

&lt;p&gt;Despite being an important terrestrial carbon (C) reserve, tropical peatlands (TP) have been heavily degraded through extensive drainage and fire, to an extent where degraded TP occupies one-tenth of the total peatland area in Southeast Asia (as in 2015). Consequently, repeated fires along with frequent flooding can alter the microtopography, vegetation composition as well as higher diurnal temperature variation due to open canopy, where each is known to influence C dynamics. However, assessing the importance of all these variables on-site can be challenging due to difficult site conditions; hence an incubation experiment approach may provide more useful insights in disentangling the complex interplay of these important variables in regulating GHG (CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;) production and emissions from fire-degraded tropical peatland areas. Therefore, we conducted an incubation study to investigate the interactions of microtopography (creating water-saturation conditions: mesic, flooded oxic, and anoxic), labile C inputs (in form of root exudate secretion from ferns and sedges), as well as on-site diurnal temperature variation in regulating CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; production from fire-degraded tropical peat.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160; We found that CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; production significantly varied among treatments and were strongly regulated by microtopography, labile C inputs, and temperature variation. Mesic (oxic) treatments acted as a strong source of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (230.4 &amp;#177; 29 &amp;#181;gCO&lt;sub&gt;2 &lt;/sub&gt;g&lt;sup&gt;-1 &lt;/sup&gt;hr&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;) and mild sink for CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; (-5.6 &amp;#177; 0.2 ngCH&lt;sub&gt;4 &lt;/sub&gt;g&lt;sup&gt;-1 &lt;/sup&gt;hr&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;) compared to anoxic treatments acting as a mild source of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (61.3 &amp;#177; 6.2 &amp;#181;gCO&lt;sub&gt;2 &lt;/sub&gt;g&lt;sup&gt;-1 &lt;/sup&gt;hr&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;) and strong source of CH&lt;sub&gt;4 &lt;/sub&gt;(591.9 &amp;#177; 112.1 ngCH&lt;sub&gt;4 &lt;/sub&gt;g&lt;sup&gt;-1 &lt;/sup&gt;hr&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;). The addition of labile C enhanced both the CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; production irrespective of the treatment conditions, whereas the effect of diurnal temperature variation was clearly pronounced in mesic (for CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) and anoxic (for CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;) conditions. Q&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt; values for both CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; production varied significantly with higher values for CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; in mesic treatments (1.21 &amp;#177; 0.28) and higher for CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; in anoxic treatments (1.56 &amp;#177; 0.35). We also observed a gradient across conditions, where flooded oxic treatments showed in-between values both for CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; production and temperature sensitivity, further reflecting the importance of on-site peat water-saturation in regulating the GHG production and emission from the fire degraded tropical peatland areas.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160; Overall, these findings highlight how the water-saturation conditions due to microtopographic variation in peat surface, quality, and quantity of labile C secreted from plant communities and temperature variation during a day can influence the GHGs production rates from the fire degraded tropical peat. More importantly, given the current state and extent of degraded tropical peatland areas and future climate and land-use changes as well as frequent fire episodes in the region, our results demonstrate the increasing trend in GHG production from the fire-degraded tropical peatlands in Southeast Asia.&lt;/p&gt;

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