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2022 ◽  
pp. 1-63
Author(s):  
Gilciane Ceolin ◽  
Luciana da Conceição Antunes ◽  
Morgana Moretti ◽  
Débora Kurrle Rieger ◽  
Júlia Dubois Moreira

Abstract Depression is a mental disorder triggered by the interaction of social, psychological, and biological factors that have an important impact on an individual’s life. Despite being a well-studied disease with several established forms of treatment, its prevalence is increasing, especially among older adults. New forms of treatment and prevention are encouraged, and some researchers have been discussing the effects of vitamin D (VitD) on depression; however, the exact mechanism by which VitD exerts its effects is not yet conclusive. In this study, we aimed to discuss the possible mechanisms underlying the association between VitD and depression in older adults. Therefore, we conducted a systematic search of databases for indexed articles published until April 30, 2021. The primary focus was on both observational studies documenting the association between VitD and depression/depressive symptoms, and clinical trials documenting the effects of VitD supplementation on depression/depressive symptoms, especially in older adults. Based on pre-clinical, clinical, and observational studies, it is suggested that the maintenance of adequate VitD concentrations is an important issue, especially in older adults, which are a risk population for both VitD deficiency and depression. Nevertheless, it is necessary to carry out more studies using longitudinal approaches in low- and middle-income countries to develop a strong source of evidence to formulate guidelines and interventions.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elliot Murphy

Semantic internalism is the view that linguistic meaning amounts to forms of conceptual instructions, and that the process of forming linguistic representations does not involve reference to extra-mental entities. Contemporary philosophy of language remains predominantly externalist in focus, having developed systems of extensional reference which depart from classical rationalist assumptions. I will defend semantic internalism using a broad range of case studies, accruing what I see at the most convincing arguments in its favour. Particular focus will be placed on exemplar cases such as natural kind and artifactual terms. Copredication via inherent polysemy will be used as a strong source of evidence for internalism, countering the received view of the externalist character of meaning. Overall, my aim is to comprehensively defend internalism against its critics and to push the exploration of linguistic content and meaning “back into the brain”.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Latorre-Pellicer ◽  
Marta Gil-Salvador ◽  
Ilaria Parenti ◽  
Cristina Lucia-Campos ◽  
Laura Trujillano ◽  
...  

AbstractPostzygotic mosaicism (PZM) in NIPBL is a strong source of causality for Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) that can have major clinical implications. Here, we further delineate the role of somatic mosaicism in CdLS by describing a series of 11 unreported patients with mosaic disease-causing variants in NIPBL and performing a retrospective cohort study from a Spanish CdLS diagnostic center. By reviewing the literature and combining our findings with previously published data, we demonstrate a negative selection against somatic deleterious NIPBL variants in blood. Furthermore, the analysis of all reported cases indicates an unusual high prevalence of mosaicism in CdLS, occurring in 13.1% of patients with a positive molecular diagnosis. It is worth noting that most of the affected individuals with mosaicism have a clinical phenotype at least as severe as those with constitutive pathogenic variants. However, the type of genetic change does not vary between germline and somatic events and, even in the presence of mosaicism, missense substitutions are located preferentially within the HEAT repeat domain of NIPBL. In conclusion, the high prevalence of mosaicism in CdLS as well as the disparity in tissue distribution provide a novel orientation for the clinical management and genetic counselling of families.


2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 140-147
Author(s):  
Abderrahim ABOUAYYOUB

No two would argue about the on going severe collapse of the social relations at all levels, in all societies . And there is no disagreement that both the success and the ruin of these social relations are heavily based on the good or bad status of the morals and values in these societies. And since these innate universal morals and values are immutable, and common between all humans. we should ask the question where is the problem? Is it in the fact that these values and morals are not included within the legislation and laws of these societies? or it is because the individuals do not abide by these rules and laws. In both cases, we are in need of a great effort to try to elicit such legislation from a solid and strong source, and pave the way for them to


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinqing Lee ◽  
Daikuan Huang ◽  
Qi Liu ◽  
Xueyan Liu ◽  
Hui Zhou ◽  
...  

AbstractFormic and acetic acids are ubiquitous in the troposphere, playing an important role in the atmospheric chemistry. Recent model studies ended up with substantial low bias on their tropospheric budgets presumably due to a large missing biogenic source derived most likely from photochemical oxidation of long-lived volatile organic compound(s), i.e., a secondary biogenic emission. Here, by studying the stable carbon isotope composition of formic and acetic acid in couple in the troposphere and relevant sources, we find the gap relates to primary biogenic emission and atmospheric lifetime of the acids. We show the primary biogenic emission is only second to the secondary biogenic emission as a strong source. Marine emission is the least one yet present in all the tropospheric environments except some local air. Long-distance transport of this origin indicates the lifetime over 5 days for both acids. Our results indicate that recent simulations underrated both primary biogenic emission and the lifetime. These underestimations would inevitably bias low the modeled results, especially in the low and free troposphere where primary biogenic emission and lifetime has the most pronounced influence, respectively.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Qingyuan Fang ◽  
Mengzhe Jin ◽  
Weidong Liu ◽  
Yong Han

Sources with large power differences are very common, especially in complex electromagnetic environments. Classical DOA estimation methods suffer from performance degradation in terms of resolution when dealing with sources that have large power differences. In this paper, we propose an improved DOA algorithm to increase the resolution performance in resolving such sources. The proposed method takes advantage of diagonal loading and demonstrates that the invariant property of noise subspace still holds after diagonal loading is performed. We also find that the Cramer–Rao bound of the weak source can be affected by the power of the strong source, and this has not been noted before. The Cramer–Rao bound of the weak source deteriorates as the power of the strong source increases. Numerical results indicate that the improved algorithm increases the probability of resolution while maintaining the estimation accuracy and computational complexity.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hasan Akhtar ◽  
Massimo Lupascu ◽  
Rahayu S. Sukri

<p>Despite being an important terrestrial carbon (C) reserve, tropical peatlands (TP) have been heavily degraded through extensive drainage and fire, to an extent where degraded TP occupies one-tenth of the total peatland area in Southeast Asia (as in 2015). Consequently, repeated fires along with frequent flooding can alter the microtopography, vegetation composition as well as higher diurnal temperature variation due to open canopy, where each is known to influence C dynamics. However, assessing the importance of all these variables on-site can be challenging due to difficult site conditions; hence an incubation experiment approach may provide more useful insights in disentangling the complex interplay of these important variables in regulating GHG (CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub>) production and emissions from fire-degraded tropical peatland areas. Therefore, we conducted an incubation study to investigate the interactions of microtopography (creating water-saturation conditions: mesic, flooded oxic, and anoxic), labile C inputs (in form of root exudate secretion from ferns and sedges), as well as on-site diurnal temperature variation in regulating CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub> production from fire-degraded tropical peat.</p><p>            We found that CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub> production significantly varied among treatments and were strongly regulated by microtopography, labile C inputs, and temperature variation. Mesic (oxic) treatments acted as a strong source of CO<sub>2</sub> (230.4 ± 29 µgCO<sub>2 </sub>g<sup>-1 </sup>hr<sup>-1</sup>) and mild sink for CH<sub>4</sub> (-5.6 ± 0.2 ngCH<sub>4 </sub>g<sup>-1 </sup>hr<sup>-1</sup>) compared to anoxic treatments acting as a mild source of CO<sub>2</sub> (61.3 ± 6.2 µgCO<sub>2 </sub>g<sup>-1 </sup>hr<sup>-1</sup>) and strong source of CH<sub>4 </sub>(591.9 ± 112.1 ngCH<sub>4 </sub>g<sup>-1 </sup>hr<sup>-1</sup>). The addition of labile C enhanced both the CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub> production irrespective of the treatment conditions, whereas the effect of diurnal temperature variation was clearly pronounced in mesic (for CO<sub>2</sub>) and anoxic (for CH<sub>4</sub>) conditions. Q<sub>10</sub> values for both CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub> production varied significantly with higher values for CO<sub>2</sub> in mesic treatments (1.21 ± 0.28) and higher for CH<sub>4</sub> in anoxic treatments (1.56 ± 0.35). We also observed a gradient across conditions, where flooded oxic treatments showed in-between values both for CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub> production and temperature sensitivity, further reflecting the importance of on-site peat water-saturation in regulating the GHG production and emission from the fire degraded tropical peatland areas.</p><p>            Overall, these findings highlight how the water-saturation conditions due to microtopographic variation in peat surface, quality, and quantity of labile C secreted from plant communities and temperature variation during a day can influence the GHGs production rates from the fire degraded tropical peat. More importantly, given the current state and extent of degraded tropical peatland areas and future climate and land-use changes as well as frequent fire episodes in the region, our results demonstrate the increasing trend in GHG production from the fire-degraded tropical peatlands in Southeast Asia.</p>


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Wei Xu ◽  
Zhengyu Li ◽  
Huiyong Li ◽  
Can Zhang ◽  
Meng Zhao ◽  
...  

There are various types of mixed siliciclastic-carbonate sediments developed in the Bohai Sea area during the period of the first to second member of the Shahejie Formation (E2s1-2) of the Paleocene. We have concluded that the period of E2s1-2 was very suitable for the development of carbonate minerals and organisms because of the stable tectonic background, the weak siliciclastic influence of large source systems outside the basin, and the high salinity of the water. There were many local uplifts inside the basin during E2s1-2, and the source area, supply direction, and quantity of the local provenance varied greatly. We summarized that the mixed sediments generally developed in the intermittent and stagnant periods of the source supply, or on the flank or distal end of the source supply direction due to the absence of direct interference of terrigenous clasts. To a large extent, the formation of different types of mixed deposits is controlled by the different spatiotemporal relationship with siliciclastic supply. The background of strong source supply led to the formation of large-scale mixed deposits that were mainly composed of terrigenous clasts. Mixed deposits are mainly composed of organisms and carbonate with relatively large depositional thickness formed on the flank of source supply in the steep slope area. On the flank of source supply in the gentle slope belt, thinner mixed deposits with terrigenous clasts mainly formed and thin-layer carbonate clastic-dominated deposits formed on abandoned deltas. On the uplift of the buried hill far away from the provenance, thick mixed deposits mainly composed of bioclastic were formed whereas fine-grained mixed deposits formed under the low-energy argillaceous background.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidi Hellén ◽  
Arnaud P. Praplan ◽  
Toni Tykkä ◽  
Aku Helin ◽  
Simon Schallhart ◽  
...  

Abstract. Even though isoprene and monoterpene (MT) emissions of boreal needle trees have been studied quite intensively, there is less knowledge on the emissions of broadleaved deciduous trees and emissions of larger terpenes and oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs). Here we studied the downy birch (Betula pubescens) leaf emissions of terpenes, OVOCs and green leaf volatiles (GLVs) at the SMEAR II boreal forest site using in situ gas chromatographs with mass spectrometers in 2017 and 2019. The highest emissions were detected during the early growing season, indicating that bud break and early leaf growth are a strong source of these compounds. Sesquiterpenes (SQTs) and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (OSQTs) were the main emitted compounds almost throughout the summer. Mean emissions (averaged over bud break/early/main and late growing season) of SQTs and OSQTs were 5–690 and 46–650 ng gdw−1 h−1, respectively. Isoprene emissions were very low or below detection limits (seasonal means


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