scholarly journals Does Money Buy Happiness?

2021 ◽  
pp. 71-78
Author(s):  
Yew-Kwang Ng
Keyword(s):  
Competition Effect ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Low Level ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Social Level ◽  
Environmental Disruption ◽  
Adaptation Effects

AbstractAfter a relatively low level of survival and comfort, additional consumption does not increase happiness significantly, especially at the social level. At the individual level, people want more due to the relative competition effect which cancels out at the social level. In addition, the adaptation effects and environmental disruption effects also work to limit the contributions of higher consumption and enlarge the gap between expectation and actuality.

The Psychology of (Pseudo)Science: Cognitive, Social, and Cultural Factors

Pseudoscience ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilio J. C. Lobato ◽  
Corinne Zimmerman
Keyword(s):  
Personal Identity ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Psychology Of Science ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Social And Cultural Factors ◽  
Social Level

We review findings from the psychology of science that are relevant to understanding or explaining peoples’ tendencies to believe both scientific and pseudoscientific claims. We discuss relevant theoretical frameworks and empirical findings to support the proposal that pseudoscientific beliefs arise in much the same way as other scientific and non-scientific beliefs do. In particular, we focus on (a) cognitive and metacognitive factors at the individual level; (b) trust in testimony and judgments of expertise at the social level; and (c) personal identity and the public’s relationship with the scientific community at a cultural level.

scholarly journals The polarization within and across individuals: the hierarchical Ising opinion model

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Han L J van der Maas ◽  
Jonas Dalege ◽  
Lourens Waldorp
Keyword(s):  
Group Dynamics ◽  
Statistical Physics ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Opinion Dynamics ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Bounded Confidence ◽  
The Social ◽  
Resistance To Persuasion ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Social Level

Abstract Polarization of opinions is a societal threat. It involves psychological processes as well as group dynamics, a popular topic in statistical physics. However, the interaction between the within individual dynamics of attitude formation and across person polarization is rarely studied. By modelling individual attitudes as Ising networks of attitude elements, and approximating this behaviour by the cusp singularity, we developed a fundamentally new model of social dynamics. In this hierarchical model, agents behave either discretely or continuously depending on their attention to the issue. At the individual level, the model reproduces the mere thought effect and resistance to persuasion. At the social level, the model implies polarization and the persuasion paradox. We propose a new intervention for escaping polarization in bounded confidence models of opinion dynamics.

scholarly journals Public Economics and Inequality: Uncovering Our Social Nature

2021 ◽  
Vol 111 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Saez
Keyword(s):  
Public Economics ◽  
Income Support ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Retirement Benefits ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Social Nature ◽  
Advanced Economies ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Social Level

This paper argues that the social nature of humans, absent from the standard economic model, is crucial for understanding our large modern social states and why concerns about inequality are so pervasive. A social solution arises when a situation is resolved at the group level (rather than the individual level) through cooperation and fair distribution of the resulting surplus. In human societies, childcare and education for the young, retirement benefits for the old, health care for the sick, and income support for those in need are resolved at the social level and through the social state in advanced economies. Social situations are pervasive even outside government and play a significant role in the distribution of pretax market incomes.

scholarly journals Factors Affecting Happiness

2021 ◽  
pp. 99-114
Author(s):  
Yew-Kwang Ng
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Environmental Quality ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Social Level

AbstractMany factors may affect happiness, including how our needs (including the five levels identified by Maslow) are satisfied. Four important F’s for happiness at the individual level are: faith, form/fitness, family, and friends. At the social level, important factors include environmental quality, equality, social capital (including trust).

Justice Unbent

Utopophobia ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 124-146
Author(s):  
David Estlund
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Institutional Arrangement ◽  
The Other ◽  
Moral Standard ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Goods ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Social Level

This chapter argues for and explores the thesis that individual motives are not collectively mitigating (justifying or excusing) unless they are individually mitigating. If the individual members are not justified or excused by certain motives then a society is neither exonerated from the charge of injustice, nor is it thereby rendered less blameworthy (more excused). It is important to be clear about the relations between excuse and justification on the individual level on one hand and on the social level on the other. Social justice is a moral standard for societies and, strictly speaking, not for individuals. An individual cannot be characterized by any distribution of social goods or any institutional arrangement, and these are among the sorts of things that are assessed by standards of social justice. Requirements of social justice morally require things of societies as such. Still, whether a society meets standards of justice will depend at least partly on how the society's members act.

scholarly journals Mechanism-based Explanations versus Autonomy in the Social Sciences

2018 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ståle Gundersen
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Social Science ◽  
Psychological Factors ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Social ◽  
Explanatory Depth ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Social Level

Mechanism-based explanations are widely discussed in contemporary social science. A virtue of mechanism-based explanations is that they can tell us how social and psychological factors are related to each other and in addition provide explanatory depth. I will argue against an argument which contends that to describe underlying mechanisms at the individual level do not contribute to improve macro-explanations at the social level. However, the critics of the mechanism approach are right that under certain conditions there can be successful explanations without mentioning underlying mechanisms. Although the mechanism approach is a reductive strategy, it does not entail that the social sciences will lose their descriptively and explanatory autonomy. The debate about reductionism and explanation often take place at an abstract philosophical level, but it is argued that to what extent the mechanism approach will influence the autonomy of the social sciences is an empirical problem and cannot be decided a priori.

L'identité Wallonne saisie par l'enquête : Une approche constructiviste de l'identité collective

Res Publica ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 36 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 343-359
Author(s):  
Marc Jacquemain ◽  
René Doutrelepont ◽  
Michel Vandekeere
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Survey Research ◽  
Social Identity Theory ◽  
Social Behaviour ◽  
Identity Theory ◽  
Social Identities ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Social Level

At first view, the methodology of survey research may seem rather unsuitable to the study of such "holistic" phenomena as collective and social identities.  That difficulty vanishes - at least partly - as soon as we consider social identity as the link between the individual and his belongings, as does the "social identity theory", developed from the work of Taffel and Turner.  From there on, survey research may prove to be a useful device to cope with some main characteristics of social identity: mainly its variability among groups and classes within a same society and its particular sensitivity to socio-political contexts.  Survey research, combined with the social identity theory may help to test historical assumptions at a macro-social level. It may also give some ''flesh" and some additional realism to the micro-theories of social behaviour, which are too often limited by their conception of a strictly rational and interested agent.

Applying Social Psychological Perspectives to the Sport Psychology Consulting Process

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Brustad ◽  
Michelle Ritter-Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Sport Psychology ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Social ◽  
Clinical And Counseling Psychology ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Disordered Eating Patterns ◽  
Applied Sport Psychology

Psychological processes in sport are inextricably linked to the social contexts within which they occur. However, research and practice in applied sport psychology have shown only marginal concern for the social dimensions of participation. As a consequence of stronger ties to clinical and counseling psychology than to social psychology, the prevailing model of intervention in applied sport psychology has been individually centered. Focus at the individual level has been further bolstered by cognitive emphases in modem psychology. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the need for a balanced consideration of social and personal influences. Four social psychological dimensions of interest will be explored, including athletic subculture membership; athletic identity concerns; social networks of influence; and leadership processes. The relevance of these forms of influence will be examined in relation to applied concerns in the areas of athlete academic performance, overtraining and burnout, and disordered eating patterns. At minimum, consultants need to address contextual and relational correlates of psychological and performance issues.

Sources of Stability and Instability in Rural Thai Society

1968 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 777-790 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Piker
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Complete Reduction ◽  
External Pressures ◽  
Stability And Instability ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Face ◽  
Social Arrangements ◽  
The Individual ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Social Level

Ongoing cultures, by virtue of the personalities they produce and the social arrangements they embody, create tensions or strains for their individual members; and they provide as well for the institutionalized expression and alleviation, if not complete reduction, of these tensions in culturally approved channels. In this view, cultural stability refers not to the absence of persisting conflict on the individual or social level; but rather to a high degree of complementarity between institutionalized sources of strain or conflict for the individual, and institutionalized arrangements for tension reduction or expression. This conception of stability does not assume that all relatively stable cultures are equally productive of psychological well-being, even assuming this nebulous condition could be specified. Nor does it assert that all stable cultures are equally adaptive in the face of external pressures. It does imply, however, that sources of conflict and channels for its expression will be sufficiently balanced to insure perpetuation of culturally standardized social arrangements and beliefs over many generations.

The Gatekeeping of iNews.id about News on Worship in Mosques Due to the Covid-19 Pandemic

MEDIASI ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-107
Author(s):  
Shania Shaufa ◽  
Thalitha Sacharissa Rosyidiani
Keyword(s):  
Production Process ◽  
Media Coverage ◽  
System Level ◽  
Organizational Level ◽  
Online Media ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Individual

This article explains about online media iNews.id in implementing gatekeeping function. This study aims to find out how gatekeeping efforts iNews.id in the production process on the issue of preaching restrictions on worship in mosques during Ramadan in 2020. During the Covid-19 pandemic, the current media situation, especially in the midst of a crisis, encourages the public to become heavily dependent on media coverage. With a qualitative approach, researchers analyzed five levels of influence on the gatekeeping process in online media iNews.id. The results of this study show that factors that influence the way iNews.id in the production process of preaching restrictions on worship in mosques due to the Covid-19 pandemic are the individual level of media workers, the level of media routine, the organizational level, the extramedia level, and the social system level. The conclusions of this study state the most dominant levels is the organization level and the media routine level in the iNews.id.

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