scholarly journals Water-Specific Imaging

2021 ◽  
pp. 3-37
Author(s):  
Tomoko M. Nakanishi
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Neutron Beam ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Water Solution ◽  
Physiological Activity ◽  
Metal Vapor ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Soil Culture ◽  
Water Culture ◽  
Spatial Image

AbstractOur first target was water, namely, how to obtain a water-specific image nondestructively. Using a neutron beam, we could visualize water-specific images of plants, including roots and flowers, which were never shown before. Each image suggested the plant-specific activity related to water.We briefly present how to acquire the image and what kind of water image is taken by neutron beam irradiation. We present a variety of plant samples, such as flowers, seeds, and wood disks. It was noted that neutrons could visualize the roots imbedded in soil without uprooting. When a spatial image of the root imbedded in soil was created from many projection images, the water profile around the root was analyzed. Then, fundamental questions were raised, such as whether plants are absorbing water solution or water vapor from the soil, because there was always a space adjacent to the root surface and hardly any water solution was visualized there. The roots are in constant motion during growth, known as circumnutation, and it is natural that the root tip is always pushing the soil aside to produce space for the root to grow. If the roots are absorbing water vapor, then the next question is about metals. Are the roots absorbing metal vapor? Since we tended to employ water culture to study the physiological activity of plants, the physiological study of the plants growing in soil was somewhat neglected. Later, when we could develop a system to visualize the movement of element absorption in a plant, there was a clear difference in element absorption between water culture and soil culture.

scholarly journals Real-Time Element Movement in a Plant

2021 ◽  
pp. 109-168
Author(s):  
Tomoko M. Nakanishi
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Imaging System ◽  
Radioactive Cesium ◽  
Soil Culture ◽  
Basic Study ◽  
Water Culture ◽  
Microscopic Imaging ◽  
Expression Site ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Element Movement

AbstractWe developed an imaging method utilizing the available RIs. We developed two types of real-time RI imaging systems (RRIS), one for macroscopic imaging and the other for microscopic imaging. The principle of visualization was the same, converting the radiation to light by a Cs(Tl)I scintillator deposited on a fiber optic plate (FOS). Many nuclides were employed, including 14C, 18F, 22Na, 28Mg, 32P 33P, 35S, 42K, 45Ca, 48V, 54Mn, 55Fe, 59Fe, 65Zn, 86Rb, 109Cd, and 137Cs.Since radiation can penetrate the soil as well as water, the difference between soil culture and water culture was visualized. 137Cs was hardly absorbed by rice roots growing in soil, whereas water culture showed high absorption, which could provide some reassurance after the Fukushima Nuclear Accident and could indicate an important role of soil in firmly adsorbing the radioactive cesium.28Mg and 42K, whose production methods were presented, were applied for RRIS to visualize the absorption image from the roots. In addition to 28Mg and 42K, many nuclides were applied to image absorption in the roots. Each element showed a specific absorption speed and accumulation pattern. The image analysis of the absorption of Mg is presented as an example. Through successive images of the element absorption, phloem flow in the aboveground part of the plant was analyzed. The element absorption was visualized not only in the roots but also in the leaves, a basic study of foliar fertilization.In the case of the microscopic imaging system, a fluorescence microscope was modified to acquire three images at the same time: a light image, fluorescent image, and radiation image. Although the resolution of the image was estimated to be approximately 50 μm, superposition showed the expression site of the transporter gene and the actual 32P-phosphate absorption site to be the same in Arabidopsis roots.

scholarly journals Absorption of Water Vapor into Lithium Bromide-water Solution Film Falling along a Vertical Plate

1986 ◽  
Vol 29 (258) ◽  
pp. 4218-4222
Author(s):  
Kazuma URAKAWA ◽  
Itsuki MORIOKA ◽  
Masanori KIYOTA
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Vertical Plate ◽  
Water Solution ◽  
Lithium Bromide

Physiological response of root tip of alfalfa to low pH and aluminium stress in water culture

1995 ◽  
Vol 171 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoshi Yokota ◽  
Kunihiko Ojima
Keyword(s):  
Physiological Response ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Water Culture

scholarly journals Response of Water Vapor and CO2 Fluxes in Semiarid Lands to Seasonal and Intermittent Precipitation Pulses

2006 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 995-1010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sasha Ivans ◽  
Lawrence Hipps ◽  
A. Joshua Leffler ◽  
Carolyn Y. Ivans
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Physiological Activity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Co2 Fluxes ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Crested Wheatgrass ◽  
Intermittent Precipitation ◽  
Rain Events ◽  
Precipitation Pulses

Abstract Precipitation pulses are important in controlling ecological processes in semiarid ecosystems. The effects of seasonal and intermittent precipitation events on net water vapor and CO2 fluxes were determined for crested wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorum), juniper (Juniperus osteosperma), and sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) ecosystems using eddy covariance measurements. The measurements were made at Rush Valley, Utah, in the northern Great Basin of the United States. Data were evaluated during the growing seasons of 2002 and 2003. Each of these communities responds to precipitation pulses in all seasons, but these responses vary among season and ecosystem, and differ for water vapor and CO2. The degree and direction of response (i.e., net uptake or efflux) depended upon the timing and amount of precipitation. In early spring, both evapotranspiration (ET) and CO2 fluxes responded only slightly to precipitation pulses because soils were already moist from snowmelt and spring rains. As soils dried later in the spring, ET response to rainfall increased. The summer season was very warm and dry in both years, and both water and CO2 fluxes were generally reduced as compared to fluxes in the spring. Water vapor fluxes increased during and immediately after periodic summer rain events at all sites, especially at juniper, followed by the sagebrush and crested wheatgrass sites. Net CO2 exchange changed significantly at the juniper and sagebrush sites but changed very little at the crested wheatgrass site due to senescence of this grass. However, in the wetter summer of 2003, the grass species maintained physiological activity and responded to rain events. In the fall of both years, responses of ET and CO2 fluxes to precipitation were very similar for all three communities, with only small changes, presumably due to significantly lower temperatures in the fall. This research documents the importance of the temporal distribution of rainfall on patterns of ET and CO2 fluxes and suggests that soil moisture and stand-level leaf area index (LAI) are critical factors governing ET and CO2 responses to precipitation in these communities.

scholarly journals A Simple, Rapid Extraction and Assay Procedure for NAD+-dependent Sorbitol Dehydrogenase (SDH) in Peach

1998 ◽  
Vol 123 (6) ◽  
pp. 1065-1068 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riccardo Lo Bianco ◽  
Mark Rieger ◽  
She-Jean S. Sung
Keyword(s):  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Ph Optimum ◽  
Fresh Tissue ◽  
Assay Mixture ◽  
Single Root ◽  
Assay Procedure ◽  
Extraction Mixture

Sorbitol is the major photosynthetic product in peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.]. In sink tissues, sorbitol is converted to fructose via NAD+-dependent SDH. A new procedure is described that allows rapid, simple quantification of SDH activity in growing tissues. The procedure uses only 0.01 to 5 g of fresh tissue per sample, such that a single shoot tip, a single root tip, or ≈5 g of fruit flesh can be assayed for SDH activity. Storage of samples at 4 or -20 °C overnight resulted in significant loss of enzyme activity. Thus, freshly harvested tissues were ground with sand in buffer at 2 °C in a mortar and pestle, and the homogenate was centrifuged at 3000 gn to remove particulate matter and sand. The supernatant was desalted on a Sephadex G-25 column, and the eluent was assayed for SDH activity immediately. Activity was determined by measuring the production of NADH per minute in the assay mixture using a spectrophotometer (340 nm). Tris buffer at pH 9.0 was the best for extraction of peach SDH. Activity of SDH was strongly inhibited by dithiothreitol (DTT) in the extraction mixture and by DTT, L-cysteine, or SDI-158 in the assay mixture, similar to results reported for SDH from mammalian tissues. Peach SDH has a Km of 37.7 mm for sorbitol and a pH optimum of 9.5, similar to those reported for apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) SDH. Unlike older protocols for SDH activity in plant tissues, the new procedure features reduced sample size (1/10 to 1/100 of that which was previously used), smaller volumes of buffer, fewer buffer ingredients, greatly reduced time for sample preparation, yet comparable or higher values of SDH specific activity. Following the same procedure, SDH activity was also measured in Prunus fremontii Wats., Prunus ilicifolia (Nutt.) Walp., and Marianna 2624 plum (P. cerasifera Ehrh. × P. munsoniana Wight & Hedr.).

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