Nitric oxide and active oxygen species in severe sepsis and surgically stressed patients

We have already reported the identification of the endopolygalacturonase 1 (BcPG1) from Botrytis cinerea as a potent elicitor of defense responses in grapevine, independently of its enzymatic activity. The aim of the present study is the analysis of the signaling pathways triggered by BcPG1 in grapevine cells. Our data indicate that BcPG1 induces a Ca2+ entry from the apoplasm, which triggers a phosphorylation-dependent nitric oxide (NO) production via an enzyme probably related to a NO synthase. Then NO is involved in i) cytosolic calcium homeostasis, by activating Ca2+ release from internal stores and regulating Ca2+ fluxes across the plasma membrane, ii) plasma membrane potential variation, iii) the activation of active oxygen species (AOS) production, and iv) defense gene expression, including phenylalanine ammonia lyase and stilbene synthase, which encode enzymes responsible for phytoalexin biosynthesis. Interestingly enough, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation is independent of this regulation pathway that closely connects Ca2+, NO, and AOS.

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Early Signaling Events Induced by Elicitors of Plant Defenses

Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions ◽

10.1094/mpmi-19-0711 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 19 (7) ◽

pp. 711-724 ◽

Cited By ~ 351

Author(s):

Angela Garcia-Brugger ◽

Olivier Lamotte ◽

Elodie Vandelle ◽

Stéphane Bourque ◽

David Lecourieux ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Signal Transduction ◽

Active Oxygen Species ◽

General Scheme ◽

Active Oxygen ◽

Free Calcium ◽

Oxygen Species ◽

Transduction Pathway ◽

Defense Reactions ◽

Signaling Events

Plant pathogen attacks are perceived through pathogen-issued compounds or plant-derived molecules that elicit defense reactions. Despite the large variety of elicitors, general schemes for cellular elicitor signaling leading to plant resistance can be drawn. In this article, we review early signaling events that happen after elicitor perception, including reversible protein phosphorylations, changes in the activities of plasma membrane proteins, variations in free calcium concentrations in cytosol and nucleus, and production of nitric oxide and active oxygen species. These events occur within the first minutes to a few hours after elicitor perception. One specific elicitor transduction pathway can use a combination or a partial combination of such events which can differ in kinetics and intensity depending on the stimulus. The links between the signaling events allow amplification of the signal transduction and ensure specificity to get appropriate plant defense reactions. This review first describes the early events induced by cryptogein, an elici-tor of tobacco defense reactions, in order to give a general scheme for signal transduction that will be use as a thread to review signaling events monitored in different elicitor or plant models.

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Characterization and functional properties of new everbearing strawberry (Fragaria x ananasa Duch.) cultivar, ‘Summertiara’ berries

Functional Foods in Health and Disease ◽

10.31989/ffhd.v4i1.27 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 1 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Takeshi Nagai ◽

Misuzu Tamai ◽

Masato Sato ◽

Yasuhiro Tanoue ◽

Norihisa Kai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vitamin C ◽

Sensory Evaluation ◽

Functional Properties ◽

Active Oxygen Species ◽

Active Oxygen ◽

Antihypertensive Activity ◽

Oxygen Species ◽

Total Anthocyanins ◽

Strawberry Cultivar ◽

The Stability

Background: In recent years, a new everbearing strawberry cultivar, ‘Summertiara’ was cultivated to supply the strawberries in pre-harvest season from July to October in Japan. For highly research and development of processing of this cultivar, ‘Summertiara’ berries, the objective of this study was to characterize these berries, with relation to chemical parameters, total phenols, total flavonoids, total vitamin C, and total anthocyanins, and was to investigate the solubility and the stability of anthocyanins from the berries. Moreover, the functional properties such as antioxidative activity, active oxygen species scavenging activity, and antihypertensive activity were also evaluated.Methods: Chemical analysis, colour measurement, and sensory evaluation of new everbearing strawberry cultivar, ‘Summertiara’ berries were performed. Next, the solubility of anthocyanins from the berries and stability of these against pH, temperature, and an incandescent lighting were investigated. Moreover, functional properties of the extracts prepared from berries were elucidated using 5 different methods.Results: The contents of water, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and ash were the same as those of other cultivar berries. The sugar-acid ratio in the berries was low; these were acidulous. By sensory evaluation, the main factors were vivid red colour, aroma, and acidity. The berries were rich in phenols, flavonoids, vitamin C, and anthocyanins. The anthocyanins of the berries became unstable by heat treatment and light exposures such as visible rays. On the other hand, the extracts prepared from the berries showed the functionalities such as antioxidant activity, active oxygen species scavenging activities, and antihypertensive activity. Conclusions: The strawberry cultivar, ‘Summertiara’ berries were the most suitable for processing ingredient of strawberry-derived products with superior health promoting functionalities.Keywords: Summertiara, everbearing strawberry cultivar, characterization, sensory evaluation, color and storage, functional property

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