Mofification of body composition by clenbuterol in normal and dystrophic (mdx) mice

1985 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. 755-760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy J. Rothwell ◽  
Michael J. Stock
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mdx Mice ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Lower Protein ◽  
Dystrophic Mice ◽  
Β2 Agonist

Female dystrophic mice (mdx on C57 Black background) gained weight more rapidly than age-matched controls and had a higher body fat content (% body weight), a slightly lower protein content and a reduced mass of muscle. Chronic treatment (21 d) of the mice with the β2-agonist clenbuterol stimulated weight gain in both genotypes without affecting energy intake. Clenbuterol increased the mass of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscle by 13% and 29% in normal and dystrophic mice, respectively, and raised body protein but depressed body fat. Body water and energy content were unaffected by clenbuterol, but the ratio of protein to fat in the carcasses was enhanced by 17% in normal and 56% in dystrophic mice following clenbuterol treatment. Thus, the β2-agonist restored the body composition of dystrophic mice to normal and enhanced the protein to fat ratio in both these and normal mice.

scholarly journals Prediction of the <i>in vivo</i> Body Composition of Pigs Based on Cross- Sectional Region Analysis of Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA) Scans

2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 535-545
Author(s):  
A. D. Mitchell ◽  
A. Scholz ◽  
V. Pursel
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Dxa Scans

Abstract. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of a cross-sectional scan as an alternative to the total body DXA scan for predicting the body composition of pigs in vivo. A total of 212 pigs (56 to 138 kg live body weight) were scanned by DXA. The DXA scans were analyzed for percentage fat and lean in the total body and in 14 cross-sections (57.6 mm wide): 5 in the front leg/thoracic region, 4 in the abdominal region, and 5 in the back leg region. Regression analysis was used to compare total body and cross-sectional DXA results and chemical analysis of total body fat, protein and water. The relation (R2) between the percentage fat in individual slices and the percentage of total body fat measured by DXA ranged from 0.78 to 0.97 and by chemical analysis from 0.71 to 0.85, respectively. The relation between the percentage of lean in the individual slices and chemical analysis for percentage of total body protein and water ranged from 0.48 to 0.60 and 0.56 to 0.76, respectively. These results indicate that total body composition of the pig can be predicted (accurately) by performing a time-saving single-pass cross-sectional scan.

THE GROSS BODY COMPOSITION OF SIX GEOGRAPHIC RACES OF PEROMYSCUS

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Hayward
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Comparative Studies ◽  
The Body ◽  
Deer Mice ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Free Body ◽  
Laboratory Acclimation ◽  
Seasonal Extremes

The body composition in terms of fat, water, and protein has been determined for 115 deer mice (genus Peromyscus) of six racial stocks. The changes in composition that are characteristic of seasonal extremes and that accompany laboratory acclimation are presented. The composition of the fat-free body exhibits the constancy which has been found in other mammals. Body protein averaged 22.97% and body water 69.71% of the fat-free body weight. Body fat levels are shown to vary considerably among individuals and races. The highest fat levels occurred in the desert-adapted race (P. m. sonoriensis). The importance of considering body composition in comparative studies of metabolic rate is discussed.

Changes in body composition during the winter gestation period in mature beef cows grazing different herbage allowances of native grasslands

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 520 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Casal ◽  
A. L. Astessiano ◽  
A. C. Espasandin ◽  
A. I. Trujillo ◽  
P. Soca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Gestation Period ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Gross Energy

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of controlling the grazing intensity of native pastures, through the herbage allowances (HA) on body composition (water, protein, and fat) of beef cows of different cow genotype (CG; purebred: Angus and Hereford; PU, and crossbred: reciprocal F1; CR). Mature beef cows (n = 32) were used in a complete randomised block design with a factorial arrangement of HA (2.5 vs 4 kg DM/day; LO vs HI) and CG (PU vs CR). The experiment was conducted during 3 years and at the end of the third year at 150, 210, and 240 ± 10 days of gestation and 190 ± 10 days postpartum body composition was estimated using the urea dilution technique. At 192 ± 10 days postpartum cows were slaughtered and all tissues and organs were weighed and samples were collected for chemical composition analyses. During the winter gestation period, body condition score was greater (P < 0.05) in HI than LO cows and in CR than PU cows. Relative body water (g/kg of empty bodyweight) was greater (P ≤ 0.02) in HI than LO cows and in CR than PU cows, whereas relative body protein did not differ between HI and LO, but tended (P = 0.10) to be greater in CR than PU cows. In contrast, relative body fat tended (P = 0.10) to be greater and gross energy content was greater (P < 0.01) in HI than LO cows, whereas they did not differ between CR and PU cows. Relative body water increased (P < 0.01) from 150 to 210 days of gestation for all cows whereas relative body fat decreased (P < 0.05) and body protein increased (P < 0.05) from 150 to 210 days of gestation in PU but not in CR cows. These results suggest that HI maintained greater body condition score and retained gross energy content when compared with LO cows, and CG affected not only body composition (greater body fat and protein in CR than PU cows) but also composition of mobilised/retained weight during the winter gestation period with a greater protein tissue mobilisation in CR than PU cows.

Compensatory growth in immature sheep: I. The effects of weight loss and realimentation on the whole body composition

1975 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. R. Drew ◽  
J. T. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Good Predictor ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Ad Libitum

SUMMARYForty-eight cross-bred wether lambs were used to measure the effects of severe feed restriction and realimentation on the body and carcass composition of immature sheep. Ten of the total number of sheep were used as an initial slaughter group, 12 were continuously fed (six at the ad libitum level of intake and six at 70% ad libitum), 26 were progressively underfed and 18 of them were realimented after a mean loss of about 25% empty body weight (EBW).Shrunk body weight (SBW = weight after an 18-h fast with access to water) was a good predictor of empty body weight (EBW = SBW minus gastro-intestinal contents) and the EBW of continuously growing sheep was a good predictor of body water, protein, fat, energy and ash, but it was not precise after realimentation, particularly in the early stages of refeeding. Restricted continuous supermaintenance feeding did not alter the body composition of the sheep from that of the sheep on the ad libitum intake at any given EBW except slightly to increase the carcass protein content.Although underfeeding to produce an EBW loss of 25% generally produced changes in the chemical body components which were similar to a reversal of normal growth, body fat did not decrease during the first half of the submaintenance feeding and did not increase during the first 2 weeks of realimentation. Under all circumstances percentage body fat was very closely related to percentage body water.Sheep realimented at 26 kg (after losing 25% EBW) contained, at 45 kg EBW, more bodywater and protein and less fat and energy than continuously-fed animals of the same EBW. The treatment effects were greater in the carcass and had little effect on the non-carcass EBW, with th e result that the refed sheep had 1800 g more water × protein in a carcass that weighed 700 g more than one from a normally grown sheep of the same EBW. The regression of calorific value of th e ash-free dry matter on body fat as a percentage of ash-free dry matter gave calorific values of body protein and fat as 5·652 and 9·342 kcal/g of ash-free dry matter, respectively.

scholarly journals Somatic maturation and body composition in female healthy adolescents with or without adjustment for body fat

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valter Paulo N. Miranda ◽  
Franciane Rocha de Faria ◽  
Eliane Rodrigues de Faria ◽  
Silvia Eloiza Priore
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
The Body ◽  
Female Adolescents ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Average Score ◽  
Body Fat Percentage ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Peak Height Velocity

Objective: To evaluate the relationship between the stages of somatic maturation and body composition in eutrophic female adolescents with or without excessive body fat. Methods: Cross-sectional study of 118 female adolescents, from 14 to 19 years-old, in Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Southeast Brazil. The adolescents were divided in two groups: Group 1 (G1), eutrophic with adequate body fat percentage, and Group 2 (G2), eutrophic with high body fat percentage. The somatic maturation was assessed by the formula for estimating the Peak Height Velocity (PHV). Results: The PHV had higher average score in G1 adolescents compared to G2 (0.26 versus 0.05; p=0.032). There was an association between G1, G2 and the somatic maturation (p=0.049). The female adolescents before and during PHV presented higher values of fat body BMI (p=0.034) and percentage of central fat (p=0.039) compared to the adolescents after PHV. There was a correspondence between before PHV stage and the excess of body fat (α=0.751). Conclusions: There was an association between somatic maturation and body composition in eutrophic female adolescents. Length, BMI and fat percentage were different among the somatic maturation stages. It is relevant to evaluate the somatic maturation and the changes occurring in the body composition during adolescence in order to better evaluate and manage the nutritional status and the body fat excess.

Partition of fat, body composition and body condition score in mature cows

1984 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. A. Wright ◽  
A. J. F. Russel
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
The Body ◽  
Live Animal ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Friesian Cows

ABSTRACTBody condition score, assessed subjectively on the live animal, was related to the directly determined body composition of 73 mature, non-pregnant, non-lactating cows of Hereford × Friesian, Blue-Grey, Galloway, Luing and British Friesian genotypes. Relationships between condition score and chemically determined body fat were all very highly significant, and considered to be of value for predictive purposes. Differences between genotypes in the proportion of fat stored in the main depots of the body resulted in differences in the relationship between condition score and body fat. British Friesian cows had a higher proportion of their fat in the intra-abdominal depots and the lowest proportion of subcutaneous fat, resulting in their being fatter at any given condition score. Hereford × Friesian cows had the highest proportion of subcutaneous fat and were thus the least fat at any condition score. One unit change in condition score was associated with a change of 2242 (s.e. 103) MJ of body tissue energy in Hereford × Friesian, Blue-Grey, Galloway and Luing cows and 3478 (s.e. 392) MJ in British Friesian cows. These figures may be used to bring a greater degree of precision to the nutritional management of beef and dairy cows.

scholarly journals Body Composition in International Sprint Swimmers: Are There Any Relations with Performance?

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (24) ◽  
pp. 9464
Author(s):  
Milivoj Dopsaj ◽  
Ilona Judita Zuoziene ◽  
Radoje Milić ◽  
Evgeni Cherepov ◽  
Vadim Erlikh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Sprint Performance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Protein

The paper addresses relations between the characteristics of body composition in international sprint swimmers and sprint performance. The research included 82 swimmers of international level (N = 46 male and N = 36 female athletes) from 8 countries. We measured body composition using multifrequency bioelectrical impedance methods with “InBody 720” device. In the case of male swimmers, it was established that the most important statistically significant correlation with sprint performance is seen in variables, which define the quantitative relationship between their fat and muscle with the contractile potential of the body (Protein-Fat Index, r = 0.392, p = 0.007; Index of Body Composition, r = 0.392, p = 0.007; Percent of Skeletal Muscle Mass, r = 0.392, p = 0.016). In the case of female athletes, statistically significant relations with sprint performance were established for variables that define the absolute and relative amount of a contractile component in the body, but also with the variables that define the structure of body fat characteristics (Percent of Skeletal Muscle Mass, r = 0.732, p = 0.000; Free Fat Mass, r = 0.702, p = 0.000; Fat Mass Index, r = −0.642, p = 0.000; Percent of Body Fat, r = −0.621, p = 0.000). Using Multiple Regression Analysis, we managed to predict swimming performance of sprint swimmers with the help of body composition variables, where the models defined explained 35.1 and 75.1% of the mutual variability of performance, for male and female swimmers, respectively. This data clearly demonstrate the importance of body composition control in sprint swimmers as a valuable method for monitoring the efficiency of body adaptation to training process in order to optimize competitive performance.

Pengaruh Senam Diabetes Mellitus terhadap Persentase Lemak Tubuh Penderita DM Tipe II di Puskesmas Godean I

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-55
Author(s):  
Dyda Fahmi Fadhilah ◽  
Nurul Huda Syamsiatun ◽  
Idi Setiyobroto
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Psychological Intervention ◽  
The Body ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Paired Sample ◽  
Government Clinic

Background : The number of DM victims in the world increased year by year. According to Health Elementary Research in 2013  the highest number was in DIY, it was 2,6%. Then, according to Godean I Local Government Clinic data, DM was the second rank of Non-Communicable Disease (NCD) after hypertension. The increasing of DM victims number was connected by the overweight case that was influenced by unhealthy diet and lack ofphysic activities so it caused accumulation of fat tissues. In the next time it can cause complication for the victims. There are three pillars of DM management namely, diet, psychological intervention, and exercises. The first that should be done is exercises. One of them is physic exercises namely DM gymnastic. Its functions are to control blood sugar, lose weight and body fat so cardiovascular disease risk factor can be prevented and fixed. In this research the DM gymnastic was done three times in a week for six weeks in duration time of 30-60 minutes. Objective : Purpose of the research to know the influence of DM gymnastic to the change of fat body percentage of DM type II victims in Godean I Local Government Clinic. Method : Research method this research used quasi-experiment method, the research plan used pre-post design. The population was all of DM type II victims in Godean I Local Government Clinic with the subject number were 24 people. The data analysis used statistic test Paired Sample t Test with the credibility 95%. Result : Result of the research the statistic test Paired Sample t Ttest showed that there were not differences before and after DM gymnastic treatment for six weeks. According to the average of fat body percentage after DM gymnastic treatment was higher than before (32,52% > 32,86%). Conclusion : There was no influence of DM gymnastic to the body fat percentage of DM type II victims in GodeanI Local Government Clinic p = 0,59 or p = >0,05.   Keywords: Gymnastic, Diabetes Mellitus, Fat Body Percentage

scholarly journals Seasonal and Longitudinal Changes in Body Composition by Sport-Position in NCAA Division I Basketball Athletes

Sports ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Fields ◽  
Justin Merrigan ◽  
Jason White ◽  
Margaret Jones
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Ncaa Division I ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Strength And Conditioning ◽  
Air Displacement Plethysmography ◽  
Within Subjects

The purpose of this study was to assess the body composition of male and female basketball athletes (n = 323) across season, year, and sport-position using air displacement plethysmography. An independent sample t-test assessed sport-position differences. An analysis of variance was used to assess within-subjects across season (pre-season, in-season, and off-season), and academic year (freshman, sophomore, and junior). For both men and women basketball (MBB, WBB) athletes, guards had the lowest body fat, fat mass, fat free mass, and body mass. No seasonal differences were observed in MBB, but following in-season play for WBB, a reduction of (p = 0.03) in fat free mass (FFM) was observed. Across years, MBB showed an increase in FFM from freshman to sophomore year, yet remained unchanged through junior year. For WBB across years, no differences occurred for body mass (BM), body fat (BF%), and fat mass (FM), yet FFM increased from sophomore to junior year (p = 0.009). Sport-position differences exist in MBB and WBB: Guards were found to be smaller and leaner than forwards. Due to the importance of body composition (BC) on athletic performance, along with seasonal and longitudinal shifts in BC, strength and conditioning practitioners should periodically assess athletes BC to ensure preservation of FFM. Training and nutrition programming can then be adjusted in response to changes in BC.

scholarly journals Relationships of retained energy and retained protein that influence the determination of cattle requirements of energy and protein using the California Net Energy System

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 1029-1039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis O Tedeschi
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Energy System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Growing Cattle ◽  
Lower Correlation

Abstract Interrelationships between retained energy (RE) and retained protein (RP) that are essential in determining the efficiency of use of feeds and the assessment of energy and protein requirements of growing cattle were analyzed. Two concerns were identified. The first concern was the conundrum of a satisfactory correlation between observed and predicted RE (r = 0.93) or between observed and predicted RP when using predicted RE to estimate RP (r = 0.939), but a much lower correlation between observed and predicted RP when using observed RE to estimate RP (r = 0.679). The higher correlation when using predicted vs. observed RE is a concern because it indicates an interdependency between predicted RP and predicted RE that is needed to predict RP with a higher precision. These internal offsetting errors create an apparent overall adequacy of nutrition modeling that is elusive, thus potentially destabilizing the predictability of nutrition models when submodels are changed independently. In part, the unsatisfactory prediction of RP from observed RE might be related to the fact that body fat has a caloric value that is 1.65 times greater than body protein and the body deposition of fat increases exponentially as an animal matures, whereas body deposition of protein tends to plateau. Thus, body fat is more influential than body protein in determining RE, and inaccuracies in measuring body protein will be reflected in the RP comparison but suppressed in the RE calculation. The second concern is related to the disconnection when predicting partial efficiency of use of metabolizable energy for growth (kG) using the proportion of RE deposited as protein—carcass approach—vs. using the concentration of metabolizable energy of the diet—diet approach. The culprit of this disconnection might be related to how energy losses that are associated with supporting energy-expending processes (HiEv) are allocated between these approaches. When computing kG, the diet approach likely assigns the HiEv to the RE pool, whereas the carcass approach ignores the HiEV, assigning it to the overall heat production that is used to support the tissue metabolism. Opportunities exist for improving the California Net Energy System regarding the relationships of RE and RP in computing the requirements for energy and protein by growing cattle, but procedural changes might be needed such as increased accuracy in the determination of body composition and better partitioning of energy.

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