scholarly journals Prediction of the <i>in vivo</i> Body Composition of Pigs Based on Cross- Sectional Region Analysis of Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA) Scans

2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 535-545
Author(s):  
A. D. Mitchell ◽  
A. Scholz ◽  
V. Pursel
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Dxa Scans

Abstract. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of a cross-sectional scan as an alternative to the total body DXA scan for predicting the body composition of pigs in vivo. A total of 212 pigs (56 to 138 kg live body weight) were scanned by DXA. The DXA scans were analyzed for percentage fat and lean in the total body and in 14 cross-sections (57.6 mm wide): 5 in the front leg/thoracic region, 4 in the abdominal region, and 5 in the back leg region. Regression analysis was used to compare total body and cross-sectional DXA results and chemical analysis of total body fat, protein and water. The relation (R2) between the percentage fat in individual slices and the percentage of total body fat measured by DXA ranged from 0.78 to 0.97 and by chemical analysis from 0.71 to 0.85, respectively. The relation between the percentage of lean in the individual slices and chemical analysis for percentage of total body protein and water ranged from 0.48 to 0.60 and 0.56 to 0.76, respectively. These results indicate that total body composition of the pig can be predicted (accurately) by performing a time-saving single-pass cross-sectional scan.

In vivo estimation of body composition of lactating dairy cattle from urea space measurements

2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 ◽  
pp. 206-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Agnew ◽  
W J McCaughey ◽  
J.D. McEvoy ◽  
D C Patterson ◽  
M G Porter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Space Technique ◽  
Total Body

San Pietro and Rittenberg (1953) reported that urea appeared to meet all the requirements of a satisfactory tracer. Urea is non toxic, not foreign to the body and it shows an even and rapid distribution throughout the total body water without any physiological effect. For these reasons in addition to its easy and accurate measurement, urea is an ideal candidate tracer to estimate empty body water in vivo. Total body water volume (urea space) can be estimated by dividing the total amount of urea infused by the increase in plasma urea concentration from prior to infusion until 12 or 30 minutes after mean infusion time. Kock and Preston (1973) reported significant relationships between urea space measurements and percentage of empty body fat and water in cattle. However, Andrew et al. (1995) using 21 Holstein cows showed that prediction of empty body water using the urea space technique only explained 31 % of the variation. The objective of this experiment was to use the urea dilution technique to estimate the body composition of lactating dairy cows and produce relationships between urea space and body fat and protein content.

scholarly journals P500 Adiposity among IBD patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S435-S435
Author(s):  
M Bletsa ◽  
A Karachaliou ◽  
G Kokkotis ◽  
M M Tsoutska ◽  
S Andoniadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Bioelectrical Impedance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Low Bmi ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Segmental Body Composition

Abstract Background Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been traditionally associated with malnutrition and increased prevalence of underweight status. Nevertheless, according to recent reports, there appears to be an increase in the percentage of overweight individuals among patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC). In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the body composition of a cohort of Greek patients with IBD. Methods We analysed data from 88 patients with IBD (CD:58, UC:30, female: 45). Body mass index (BMI) was calculated and waist circumference (WC) was measured in all participants. Body composition was evaluated with a multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance segmental body composition analyser (BIA) (Tanita MC-780) and with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Results 9.1% (n = 8) of patients had low BMI (&lt;18.5), 53.4% (n = 47) normal, 22.7% (n = 20) were overweight and 14.8% (n = 13) obese. No differences were seen between CD vs. UC. Furthermore, 27.3% (n = 24) of women had WC &lt; 80 cm and 27.3% (n = 24) of men had &lt; 94 cm. Referring to % total body fat, as reported by BIA, 46.5% (n = 20) of men and 11.1% (n = 5) of women had total body fat &lt;20%, 46.5% (n = 20) of men and 44.4% (n = 20) of women had 21–30%, 7% (n = 3) of men and 28.9% (n = 13)of women 31–40% and 15.6% (n = 7)of women &gt;41%. According to DXA measurements, 25.6% (n = 11) of men had total body fat &lt;20%, 46.5% (n = 20) of men and 15.6% (n = 7) of women had 21–30%, 25.6% (n = 11) of men and 46.7% (n = 21) of women 31–40% and 2.3% (n = 1) of men and 37.8% (n = 17) of women &gt;41%. There was no significant difference in % total body fat between CD and UC patients in either measurement. We observed a significant difference between the two methods regarding the estimation of % body fat, as BIA measurements were lower than those obtained with DXA (p &lt; 0.001, median = 5.53%, 95% confidence interval = 4.82–6.24%). Nevertheless there was a significant correlation between BIA and DXA measurements in the same individual (r2 = 0.9025, p &lt; 0.001). Conclusion We found a large proportion of overweight/obese patients in our IBD cohort. The association with increased WC may imply that the total abdominal fat is increased in such patients. As excessive fat content has been shown to negatively affect IBD patients in multiple ways, our results emphasise the need for better assessment of body composition and dietetic interventions in this population.

Effect of Insulin and Cortisone on Weight Gain, Protein and Fat Content of Rats

1958 ◽  
Vol 193 (3) ◽  
pp. 455-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. X. Hausberger ◽  
B. C. Hausberger
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Total Body

Male Wister rats weighing 240 ± 2 gm show an average protein and fat content of 41.6 gm, and 13.1 gm. During a period of normal growth, the body weight increases within 14 days to 311 gm, the protein content to 57 gm, and the fat content to 21.7 gm. Several groups of rats were subjected to experimental procedures for 14 days, after having reached a body weight of 240 gm. Administration of protamine zine insulin (12 u/day) greatly enhanced weight gain, and deposition of excess fat, without affecting accumulation of body protein. Cortisone (5 mg/day) produced variable results. Diminished gain of body weight and total body protein occurred in 60% of the animals while accumulation of body fat was normal. Some rats lost weight and body protein but comparatively less fat than animals losing fat due to food restriction. Weight loss was most frequently observed in rats with visible infections. Simultaneous administration of insulin (12 u/day) did not alter the cortisone effect on body protein but markedly increased accumulation of body fat. One hundred twenty units per day accelerated gain of body fat still more. Values were observed comparable to those found in rats receiving insulin only. The amount of total body fat closely paralleled the amount of adipose tissue the composition of which was not significantly altered by any of the hormonal manipulations.

scholarly journals Non-invasive body composition measurement of broiler chickens between 4–18 weeks of age by computer tomography

2003 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 585-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Andrássy-Baka ◽  
R. Romvári ◽  
G. Milisits ◽  
Z. Sütő ◽  
A. Szabó ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
The Body ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Body Composition Measurement ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Composition Measurement ◽  
Total Body

Abstract. Non-invasive computerized tomography was performed on commercial broiler chickens, in both sexes, between 4 to 18 weeks of age, with the aim of body composition measurement. On the basis of 16–32 scans gathered from each bird during the scanning procedure, volumetric measurement of the breast muscle was performed. These values were at the 259; 493; 786 cm3 and 195; 460; 668 cm3 in male and female birds at the age of 6, 12 and 18 weeks, respectively. The total body fat content was characterized by the so called „fat index”, a value independent of the live weight. This indices were 7,3; 7,14; 9,48 and 8,8; 13,3; 21,6 following the above order. Total body fat and crude protein was determined both by CT and chemical analysis. The variables of the prediction equations were taken from the density values of the Hounsfield scale between −140 and +150, by summarizing the frequencies within each interval of 10 values. Several models were developed with Principal Component Analysis. The R² values of the estimations were high (R2 = 0,89; 0,88) for total body fat but moderate (R2 = 0,39; 0,44) in the prediction of crude protein content. The investigation of the tissue development in the body was carried out by means of 3D histograms.

scholarly journals Oxytocin regulates body composition

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (52) ◽  
pp. 26808-26815 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Sun ◽  
Daria Lizneva ◽  
Yaoting Ji ◽  
Graziana Colaianni ◽  
Elina Hadelia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Bone Loss ◽  
Bone Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
High Bone Mass ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
High Bone ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Total Body

The primitive neurohypophyseal nonapeptide oxytocin (OXT) has established functions in parturition, lactation, appetite, and social behavior. We have shown that OXT has direct actions on the mammalian skeleton, stimulating bone formation by osteoblasts and modulating the genesis and function of bone-resorbing osteoclasts. We deleted OXT receptors (OXTRs) selectively in osteoblasts and osteoclasts usingCol2.3CreandAcp5Cremice, respectively. Both male and femaleCol2.3Cre+:Oxtrfl/flmice recapitulate the low-bone mass phenotype ofOxtr+/−mice, suggesting that OXT has a prominent osteoblastic action in vivo. Furthermore, abolishment of the anabolic effect of estrogen inCol2.3Cre+:Oxtrfl/flmice suggests that osteoblastic OXTRs are necessary for estrogen action. In addition, the high bone mass inAcp5Cre+:Oxtrfl/flmice indicates a prominent action of OXT in stimulating osteoclastogenesis. In contrast, we found that in pregnant and lactatingCol2.3Cre+:Oxtrfl/flmice, elevated OXT inhibits bone resorption and rescues the bone loss otherwise noted during pregnancy and lactation. However, OXT does not contribute to ovariectomy-induced bone loss. Finally, we show that OXT acts directly on OXTRs on adipocytes to suppress the white-to-beige transition gene program. Despite this direct antibeiging action, injected OXT reduces total body fat, likely through an action on OXT-ergic neurons. Consistent with an antiobesity action of OXT,Oxt−/−andOxtr−/−mice display increased total body fat. Overall, the actions of OXT on bone mass and body composition provide the framework for future therapies for osteoporosis and obesity.

Evaluation of several indices for assessment of coyote (Canis latrans) body composition

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (9) ◽  
pp. 1620-1624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Huot ◽  
Marie-Lazarine Poulle ◽  
Michel Crête
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Canis Latrans ◽  
The Body ◽  
Marrow Fat ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Fat Reserves ◽  
Kidney Fat ◽  
Kidney Fat Index ◽  
Total Body

The body composition of 27 coyotes (Canis latrans) of different ages and both sexes was determined on the basis of chemical analyses of homogenized samples of viscera, carcass, and skin. Regression analyses were used to identify the best indices for estimating fat (lipid reserves), protein, and water body contents. A combined index based on the kidney fat index and the percentage of femur marrow fat was the best indicator of fat reserves. Body mass (whole or skinned carcass) and eviscerated carcass mass were the best predictors of total body protein and total body water contents. A combination of indices is proposed to provide postmortem or in vivo estimates of coyote body composition.

scholarly journals Effect of an Estrogen Receptor-α Intron 4 Polymorphism on Fat Mass in 11-Year-Old Children

2007 ◽  
Vol 92 (6) ◽  
pp. 2286-2291 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Tobias ◽  
C. D. Steer ◽  
C. Vilariňo-Güell ◽  
M. A. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Estrogen Receptor ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Genetic Effect ◽  
Estrogen Receptor Α ◽  
Body Fat Mass ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Total Body

Abstract Context: Polymorphisms in the ESR1 gene encoding estrogen receptor (ER)-α may be associated with fat mass in adults. Objectives: The objective of the study was to establish whether ESR1 polymorphisms influence fat mass in childhood. Design: This was a cross-sectional analysis after genotyping of rs9340799, rs2234693, and rs7757956 ESR1 polymorphisms. Setting: The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) was a population-based prospective study. Participants: Participants included 3097 11-yr-old children with results for ESR1 genotyping, puberty measures, and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry results. Outcomes: Relationships between ESR1 polymorphisms and indices of body composition were measured. Results: The rs7757956 polymorphism was associated with fat mass (P = 0.002). Total body fat mass (adjusted for height) was reduced by 6% in children with TA/AA genotypes, and risk of being overweight (≥85th centile of fat mass) was decreased by 20%. This genetic effect appeared to interact with puberty in girls (P = 0.05 for interaction): in those with the TT genotype, total body fat mass (adjusted for height) was 18% higher in Tanner stages 3–5 vs. stages 1–2; the equivalent difference was 7% in those with TA/AA genotypes. Furthermore, the risk of being overweight was 36% lower in girls with TA/AA genotypes in Tanner stages 3–5, but no reduction was seen in those in stages 1–2. Neither rs9340799 nor rs2234693 polymorphisms were associated with body composition measures. Conclusions: Fat mass in 11-yr-old children was related to the rs7757956 ESR1 polymorphism. This association was strongest in girls in more advanced puberty, in whom the risk of being overweight was reduced by 36% in those with the TA/AA genotype.

Body composition of two human cadavers by neutron activation and chemical analysis

1986 ◽  
Vol 250 (2) ◽  
pp. E179-E185 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Knight ◽  
A. H. Beddoe ◽  
S. J. Streat ◽  
G. L. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Neutron Activation ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Human Cadavers ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Nutritional Studies ◽  
In Vivo Neutron Activation ◽  
Sequential Studies

In vivo neutron activation analysis (NAA) is currently used to measure body composition in metabolic and nutritional studies in many clinical situations, but has not previously been validated by comparison with chemical analysis of human cadavers. Total body nitrogen (TBN) and chlorine (TBCl) were measured in two human cadavers by NAA before homogenization and chemical analysis (CHEM) after (cadaver 1: TBN, 1.47 NAA, 1.51 CHEM; TBCl, 0.144 NAA, 0.147 CHEM; cadaver 2: TBN, 0.576 NAA, 0.572 CHEM; TBCl, 0.0227 NAA, 0.0250 CHEM). The homogenates were also analyzed by NAA, and no significant differences were found, indicating that the effects of elemental inhomogeneity on the measurement of TBN and TBCl are insignificant. Total body water, fat, protein, minerals, and carbohydrates were measured chemically for each cadaver and compared with estimates for these compartments obtained from a body composition model, which when used in vivo involves NAA and tritium dilution. The agreement found justifies the use of the model for the measurement of changes in total body protein, water, and fat in sequential studies in groups of patients.

scholarly journals Mitochondrial Bioenergetic Metabolism Is Associated with Total Body Composition and Influenced by Normal Weight Obesity (P21-039-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Moriah Bellissimo ◽  
Candace Fleischer ◽  
Phong Tran ◽  
Li Hao ◽  
David Reiter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Respiratory Capacity ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Total Body Composition ◽  
Total Body

Abstract Objectives Obesity, body composition, and mitochondrial dysfunction play important roles in the development of metabolic diseases, but it is unknown if increased visceral fat (VF) specifically alters mitochondrial bioenergetic capacity. We determined whether in vivo and ex vivo bioenergetic indexes are associated with total body composition, visceral fat (VF), and body composition subtypes. Methods This pilot study included 34 healthy adults (56% female, median age 27.9 y). Body composition and fat distribution were assessed by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Subjects were categorized as lean (BMI < 25 kg/m2, n = 14), normal weight obese (NWO, BMI < 25 kg/m2 and >30% body fat in women or >23% body fat in men, n = 8), or overweight/obese (O/O, BMI > 25 kg/m2, n = 12). Ex vivo mitochondrial function was assessed using a Seahorse extracellular flux analyzer in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and isolated monocytes. In a subset (n = 21), maximum in vivo ATP synthesis was assessed in the quadriceps using 31P-Magnetic resonance spectroscopy based on the phosphocreatine recovery time constant (τPCr) following a standardized leg exercise. Statistical analyses included Spearman correlations and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Results In monocytes, but not PBMCs, % spare respiratory capacity was inversely associated with % body fat (r = −0.42, P = 0.02) and positively associated with lean body mass (r = 0.36, P = 0.04) but was not significantly associated with VF. Skeletal muscle τPCr was positively associated with % body fat (r = 0.58, P < 0.01) and total body fat (r = 0.53, P = 0.02) but not VF. Subjects with NWO had the highest τPCr (P = 0.01) and lowest % spare respiratory capacity (P = 0.09 and 0.03 in monocytes and PBMCs, respectively) compared to lean or O/O subjects. Conclusions Total body fat, but not VF, was associated with impaired mitochondrial function as shown by increased post-exercise recovery time in skeletal muscle and decreased response to energy demands in circulating cells. Adults with NWO had worse bioenergetic capacity than O/O or lean adults. These data provide insight on the relationships between human body composition and mitochondrial energy metabolism, which plays a role in metabolic disease progression. Funding Sources National Institutes of Health, Georgia Clinical and Translational Science Alliance.

Total body fat content and fat topography are associated differently with in vivo glucose metabolism in nonobese and obese nondiabetic women

Diabetes ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 41 (9) ◽  
pp. 1151-1159 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Bonora ◽  
S. Del Prato ◽  
R. C. Bonadonna ◽  
G. Gulli ◽  
A. Solini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Body Fat Content ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Total Body
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