Neutralizing capacity of poliovirus type 3 antibodies tested against 5 different intratypic variants of poliovirus type 3

Significantly divergent polioviruses (VDPV) derived from the oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) from Sabin strains, like wild polioviruses, are capable of prolonged transmission and neuropathology. This is mainly shown for VDPV type 2. Here we describe a molecular-epidemiological investigation of a case of VDPV type 3 circulation leading to paralytic poliomyelitis in a child in an orphanage, where OPV has not been used. Samples of feces and blood serum from the patient and 52 contacts from the same orphanage were collected twice and investigated. The complete genome sequencing was performed for five polioviruses isolated from the patient and three contact children. The level of divergence of the genomes of the isolates corresponded to approximately 9–10 months of evolution. The presence of 61 common substitutions in all isolates indicated a common intermediate progenitor. The possibility of VDPV3 transmission from the excretor to susceptible recipients (unvaccinated against polio or vaccinated with inactivated poliovirus vaccine, IPV) with subsequent circulation in a closed children’s group was demonstrated. The study of the blood sera of orphanage residents at least twice vaccinated with IPV revealed the absence of neutralizing antibodies against at least two poliovirus serotypes in almost 20% of children. Therefore, a complete rejection of OPV vaccination can lead to a critical decrease in collective immunity level. The development of new poliovirus vaccines that create mucosal immunity for the adequate replacement of OPV from Sabin strains is necessary.

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Human enterovirus infection in stray dogs. Some aspects of interest to public health

Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo ◽

10.1590/s0036-46651996000200012 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 38 (2) ◽

pp. 157-161 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Eliseu Alves Waldman ◽

Regina C. Moreira ◽

Sueli G. Saez ◽

Denise F.C. Souza ◽

Rita de C.C. Carmona ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Neutralizing Antibodies ◽

Neutralizing Antibody ◽

Human Enterovirus ◽

Poliovirus Type ◽

Stray Dogs ◽

Wild Poliovirus ◽

Antibody Titres ◽

Global Eradication ◽

Type 3 ◽

Echovirus Type

To investigate the possible role of domestic animals as reservoirs of human enteroviruses, we studied 212 stray dogs captured in different areas of the municipality of São Paulo. The captured animals were divided into 19 groups of 10 to 20 dogs each; faeces of 126 of the 212 dogs were processed for enterovirus isolation. The following viruses were isolated from 12 dogs: poliovirus type 1 (2 dogs), poliovirus type 3 (1 dog), echovirus type 7 (8 dogs) and echovirus type 15 (1 dog). Of the 12 infected animals, four had specific homotypic neutralizing antibody titres > 16. All 212 animals were tested for the presence of neutralizing antibodies to human enteroviruses. The frequency of neutralizing antibodies present in titres of > 16 was 10.3%, 3,8% and 4.3% for vaccinal prototypes of polioviruses 1, 2 and 3 respectively; 1,9%, 1.4% and 1.5% for wild prototypes of the same viruses, 11.3% for echovirus 7, and 2.4% for echovirus 15. The proportion of dogs with neutralizing antibodies varied with the virus studied. Some indication of the susceptibility of dogs to infection with human enteroviruses was demonstrated, and the importance of this fact for the Plan for Global Eradication of the Wild Poliovirus is discussed.

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Comparative inactivation of poliovirus type 3 and MS2 coliphage in demand-free phosphate buffer by using ozone.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.57.11.3121-3126.1991 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 57 (11) ◽

pp. 3121-3126 ◽

Cited By ~ 50

Author(s):

G R Finch ◽

N Fairbairn

Keyword(s):

Phosphate Buffer ◽

Poliovirus Type ◽

Type 3

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Titres of specific antibodies to poliovirus type 3 and tetanus toxoid in saliva and serum of children with recurrent upper respiratory tract infections

Pediatric Allergy and Immunology ◽

10.1034/j.1399-3038.2001.012001042.x ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 42-48 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Fabio Cardinale ◽

Vita Gentile ◽

Luigia Brunetti ◽

Lars Åke Hanson ◽

Lucio Armenio

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Tetanus Toxoid ◽

Respiratory Tract Infections ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract Infections ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Poliovirus Type ◽

Specific Antibodies ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

Tract Infections ◽

Type 3

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Eradication of wild poliovirus type 3 may be within reach, say CDC and WHO

BMJ ◽

10.1136/bmj.g6817 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 349 (nov14 2) ◽

pp. g6817-g6817 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M. McCarthy

Keyword(s):

Poliovirus Type ◽

Wild Poliovirus ◽

Type 3

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Environmental Surveillance System To Track Wild Poliovirus Transmission

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.69.5.2919-2927.2003 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 69 (5) ◽

pp. 2919-2927 ◽

Cited By ~ 52

Author(s):

Jagadish M. Deshpande ◽

Sushmitha J. Shetty ◽

Zaeem A. Siddiqui

Keyword(s):

Environmental Samples ◽

Uttar Pradesh ◽

Immunization Coverage ◽

Paralytic Poliomyelitis ◽

Nucleotide Sequence Analysis ◽

Environmental Surveillance ◽

Poliovirus Type ◽

Wild Poliovirus ◽

Supplementary Immunization Activities ◽

Type 3

ABSTRACT Eradication of poliomyelitis from large metropolis cities in India has been difficult due to high population density and the presence of large urban slums. Three paralytic poliomyelitis cases were reported in Mumbai, India, in 1999 and 2000 in spite of high immunization coverage and good-quality supplementary immunization activities. We therefore established a systematic environmental surveillance study by weekly screening of sewage samples from three high-risk slum areas to detect the silent transmission of wild poliovirus. In 2001, from among the 137 sewage samples tested, wild poliovirus type 1 was isolated from 35 and wild poliovirus type 3 was isolated from 1. Acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance indicated one case of paralytic poliomyelitis from the city. Phylogenetic analysis with complete VP1 sequences revealed that the isolates from environmental samples belonged to four lineages of wild polioviruses recently isolated from poliomyelitis cases in Uttar Pradesh and not to those previously isolated from AFP cases in Mumbai. Wild poliovirus thus introduced caused one case of paralytic poliomyelitis. The virus was detected in environmental samples 3 months before. It was found that wild polioviruses introduced several times during the year circulated in Mumbai for a limited period before being eliminated. Environmental surveillance was found to be sensitive for the detection of wild poliovirus silent transmission. Nucleotide sequence analysis helped identify wild poliovirus reservoir areas.

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Elimination of human enteric viruses during conventional waste water treatment by activated sludge

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/m86-170 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 32 (12) ◽

pp. 922-925 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Pierre Payment ◽

Sylvie Fortin ◽

Michel Trudel

Keyword(s):

Waste Water ◽

Water Treatment ◽

Activated Sludge ◽

Waste Water Treatment ◽

Enteric Viruses ◽

Sludge Treatment ◽

Poliovirus Type ◽

The Mean ◽

Human Enteric Viruses ◽

Type 3

The present study was undertaken to determine if viruses were selectively eliminated during waste water treatment. Human enteric viruses were detected at all steps of treatment in a conventional activated sludge waste water treatment plant. Liquid overlays and large volume sampling with multiple passages on BGM cells permitted the detection of poliovirus (serotypes 1, 2, and 3), coxsackievirus B (serotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5), and echovirus (serotypes 3, 14, and 22), as well as reoviruses. The mean virus concentration was 95.1 most probable number of infectious units per litre (mpniu/L) in raw sewage, 23.3 in settled water, 1.4 in effluent after activated sludge treatment, and 40.3 mpniu/L in sludge samples. All samples of raw sewage and settled water, 79% of effluent water, and 94% of sludge samples contained viruses. The mean reduction was 75% after settling and 98% after activated sludge treatment. Poliovirus type 3 was rarely isolated after the activated sludge treatment, but was still detected in about one-third of the sludge samples. Reoviruses and coxsackieviruses were detected at similar rates from all samples and appear to be more resistant to the activated sludge treatment than poliovirus type 3. Poliovirus types 1 and 2 were present in almost every sample of raw sewage and settled water and still found in about half of the effluent and sludge samples, indicating a level of resistance similar to that of reoviruses and coxsackieviruses.

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