scholarly journals Symmetries and strings of adjoint QCD2

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zohar Komargodski ◽  
Kantaro Ohmori ◽  
Konstantinos Roumpedakis ◽  
Sahand Seifnashri
Keyword(s):  
Category Theory ◽  
Massless Particle ◽  
Large Mass ◽  
Small Mass ◽  
String Tension ◽  
Fusion Category ◽  
Topological Phases ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Ordinary Notion ◽  
Partial Confinement

Abstract We revisit the symmetries of massless two-dimensional adjoint QCD with gauge group SU(N). The dynamics is not sufficiently constrained by the ordinary symmetries and anomalies. Here we show that the theory in fact admits ∼ 22N non-invertible symmetries which severely constrain the possible infrared phases and massive excitations. We prove that for all N these new symmetries enforce deconfinement of the fundamental quark. When the adjoint quark has a small mass, m ≪ gYM, the theory confines and the non-invertible symmetries are softly broken. We use them to compute analytically the k-string tension for N ≤ 5. Our results suggest that the k-string tension, Tk, is Tk ∼ |m| sin(πk/N) for all N. We also consider the dynamics of adjoint QCD deformed by symmetric quartic fermion interactions. These operators are not generated by the RG flow due to the non-invertible symmetries, thus violating the ordinary notion of naturalness. We conjecture partial confinement for the deformed theory by these four-fermion interactions, and prove it for SU(N ≤ 5) gauge theory. Comparing the topological phases at zero and large mass, we find that a massless particle ought to appear on the string for some intermediate nonzero mass, consistent with an emergent supersymmetry at nonzero mass. We also study the possible infrared phases of adjoint QCD allowed by the non-invertible symmetries, which we are able to do exhaustively for small values of N. The paper contains detailed reviews of ideas from fusion category theory that are essential for the results we prove.

scholarly journals Resection of primary cardiac angiosarcoma infiltrating the right atrioventricular junction and tricuspid valve: a case report

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lubna Bakr ◽  
Hussam AlKhalaf ◽  
Ahmad Takriti
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Resection ◽  
Tricuspid Valve ◽  
Right Atrium ◽  
Large Mass ◽  
Small Mass ◽  
Malignant Tumours ◽  
Atrioventricular Junction ◽  
Cardiac Angiosarcoma ◽  
Complete Surgical Resection ◽  
The Right

Abstract Background Primary cardiac tumours are extremely rare. Most of them are benign. Sarcomas account for 95% of the malignant tumours. Prognosis of primary cardiac angiosarcoma remains poor. Complete surgical resection is oftentimes hampered when there is extensive tumour involvement into important cardiac apparatus. We report a case of cardiac angiosarcoma of the right atrium and ventricle, infiltrating the right atrioventricular junction and tricuspid valve. Case presentation Initially, a 22-year-old man presented with dyspnoea. One year later, he had recurrent pericardial effusion. Afterwards, echocardiography revealed a large mass in the right atrium, expanding from the roof of the right atrium to the tricuspid valve. The mass was causing compression on the tricuspid valve, and another mass was seen in the right ventricle. Complete resection of the tumour was impossible. The mass was resected with the biggest possible margins. The right atrium was reconstructed using heterologous pericardium. The patient’s postoperative course was uneventful. Postoperative echocardiography showed a small mass remaining in the right side of the heart. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry confirmed the diagnosis of angiosarcoma. The patient underwent adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy later on. He survived for 1 year and 5 days after the surgery. After a diagnosis of lung and brain metastases, he ended up on mechanical ventilation for 48 h and died. Conclusions Surgical resection combined with postoperative chemotherapy and radiotherapy is feasible even in patients with an advanced stage of cardiac angiosarcoma when it is impossible to perform complete surgical resection.

scholarly journals A multi-component SIMP model with U(1)X → Z2 × Z3

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Soo-Min Choi ◽  
Jinsu Kim ◽  
Pyungwon Ko ◽  
Jinmian Li
Keyword(s):  
Dark Matter ◽  
Gauge Symmetry ◽  
Mass Difference ◽  
Massive Particle ◽  
Large Mass ◽  
Small Mass ◽  
Dark Matter Candidate ◽  
Mass Hierarchy ◽  
New Class ◽  
Matter Fields

Abstract Multi-component dark matter scenarios are studied in the model with U(1)X dark gauge symmetry that is broken into its product subgroup Z2 × Z3 á la Krauss-Wilczek mechanism. In this setup, there exist two types of dark matter fields, X and Y, distinguished by different Z2 × Z3 charges. The real and imaginary parts of the Z2-charged field, XR and XI, get different masses from the U(1)X symmetry breaking. The field Y, which is another dark matter candidate due to the unbroken Z3 symmetry, belongs to the Strongly Interacting Massive Particle (SIMP)-type dark matter. Both XI and XR may contribute to Y’s 3 → 2 annihilation processes, opening a new class of SIMP models with a local dark gauge symmetry. Depending on the mass difference between XI and XR, we have either two-component or three-component dark matter scenarios. In particular two- or three-component SIMP scenarios can be realised not only for small mass difference between X and Y, but also for large mass hierarchy between them, which is a new and unique feature of the present model. We consider both theoretical and experimental constraints, and present four case studies of the multi-component dark matter scenarios.

scholarly journals Edge theories of two-dimensional fermionic symmetry protected topological phases protected by unitary Abelian symmetries

2021 ◽  
Vol 104 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shang-Qiang Ning ◽  
Chenjie Wang ◽  
Qing-Rui Wang ◽  
Zheng-Cheng Gu
Keyword(s):  
Topological Phases ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Symmetry Protected

scholarly journals Vortex-Induced Vibration: the slower deceleration of the west bank leads to the shortening of the Humen Bridge in Guangdong, China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haili Ran ◽  
Xiaoyong Lu ◽  
Ruohan Zheng ◽  
Cui Yang ◽  
Qiuyun Liu
Keyword(s):  
Potential Energy ◽  
Civil Engineering ◽  
West Bank ◽  
Large Mass ◽  
Small Mass ◽  
The West ◽  
Vortex Induced Vibration ◽  
Gravitational Fields ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Engineering Projects

The Earth self-rotates in the solar and lunar gravitational fields. According to Newton’s Law of Inertia, large mass accelerates and decelerates more slowly than smaller masses, whereas small mass accelerates and decelerates more quickly than larger mass, which gives rise to stress when potential energy is present, damaging civil engineering projects. Humen Bridge of Guangdong, China and two century-old dams in Michigan which were affected recently can be explained by this theory.

scholarly journals Bulk pumping in two-dimensional topological phases

2019 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles-Edouard Bardyn ◽  
Michele Filippone ◽  
Thierry Giamarchi
Keyword(s):  
Topological Phases ◽  
Two Dimensional

Experimental determination of bulk dielectric properties and porosity of porous asphalt and soils using GPR and a cyclic moisture variation technique

Geophysics ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. K93-K102 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. L. Lai ◽  
W. F. Tsang ◽  
H. Fang ◽  
D. Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Water Saturation ◽  
Complex Refractive Index ◽  
Large Mass ◽  
Small Mass ◽  
Time Domain Reflectometry ◽  
Water Permeation ◽  
Moisture Variation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Test Materials ◽  
Variation Technique

This paper describes a new method for determining porosities in two porous construction and geologic materials (asphalt and soil) by using ground-penetrating radar (GPR) over a wide range of controlled degrees of water saturation [Formula: see text]. We call this method a cyclic moisture variation technique (CMVT). Freshwater is used as an enhancer or a tracer to allow GPR to easily detect and differentiate amounts of water or other moisture in these materials. The CMVT is based on measuring the changes of real permittivity [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] in the test materials as they transition from partially saturated states to a fully saturated state via cycles of water permeation and dewatering. This method does not disturb the test materials, as do the methods associated with traditional laboratory testing on cored samples. It also tests a large mass of in situ material, compared with the small mass tested by the conventional or electromagnetic coaxial transmission line (EMCTL) method (also known as a dielectric cell) and the time-domain reflectometry (TDR) method. Porosity values of asphalt [Formula: see text] and of soils [Formula: see text] were determined by fitting the data into the complex refractive index model (CRIM). Dielectric hysteresis of both soils and asphalt also is observable during the tests and shows that the pathways of water-ingress and water-egress processes are not identical in the plot of [Formula: see text] versus degrees of water saturation [Formula: see text].

scholarly journals Periodic self-reformation of rippled perpendicular collisionless shocks in two dimensions

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 1047-1055 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takayuki Umeda ◽  
Yuki Daicho
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Shock Front ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Large Mass ◽  
Small Mass ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Electron Mass ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Ion Cyclotron ◽  
Mass Ratios

Abstract. Large-scale two-dimensional (2-D) full particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations are carried out for studying periodic self-reformation of a supercritical collisionless perpendicular shock with an Alfvén–Mach number MA∼6. Previous self-consistent one-dimensional (1-D) hybrid and full PIC simulations have demonstrated that the periodic reflection of upstream ions at the shock front is responsible for the formation and vanishing of the shock-foot region on a timescale of the local ion cyclotron period, which was defined as the reformation of (quasi-)perpendicular shocks. The present 2-D full PIC simulations with different ion-to-electron mass ratios show that the dynamics at the shock front is strongly modified by large-amplitude ion-scale fluctuations at the shock overshoot, which are known as ripples. In the run with a small mass ratio, the simultaneous enhancement of the shock magnetic field and the reflected ions take place quasi-periodically, which is identified as the reformation. In the runs with large mass ratios, the simultaneous enhancement of the shock magnetic field and the reflected ions occur randomly in time, and the shock magnetic field is enhanced on a timescale much shorter than the ion cyclotron period. These results indicate a coupling between the shock-front ripples and electromagnetic microinstabilities in the foot region in the runs with large mass ratios. Keywords. Space plasma physics (wave–particle interactions)

scholarly journals A duality between curvature and torsion

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (14) ◽  
pp. 1847008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Swanand Khanapurkar ◽  
Tejinder P. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Scale Effects ◽  
Gravitational Interaction ◽  
Large Mass ◽  
Small Mass ◽  
Teleparallel Gravity ◽  
Einstein Equations ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Underlying Theory ◽  
Newman Black Hole ◽  
Curvature And Torsion

Compton wavelength and Schwarzschild radius are considered here as limiting cases of a unified length scale. Using this length, it is shown that the Dirac equation and the Einstein equations for a point mass are limiting cases of an underlying theory which includes torsion. We show that in this underlying theory, the gravitational interaction between small masses is weaker than in Newtonian gravity. We explain as to why the Kerr–Newman black hole and the electron both have the same nonclassical gyromagnetic ratio. We propose a duality between curvature and torsion and show that general relativity and teleparallel gravity are respectively the large mass and small mass limit of the ECSK theory. We demonstrate that small scale effects of torsion can be tested with current technology.

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