scholarly journals Validating the Earth’s core using atmospheric neutrinos with ICAL at INO

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anil Kumar ◽  
Sanjib Kumar Agarwalla
Keyword(s):  
Good Resolution ◽  
Atmospheric Neutrinos ◽  
Earth’S Core ◽  
Prospective Data ◽  
Earth's Core ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Iron Calorimeter ◽  
First Time ◽  
Crust Profile ◽  
Extract Information

Abstract The Iron Calorimeter (ICAL) detector at the proposed India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) aims to detect atmospheric neutrinos and antineutrinos separately in the multi-GeV range of energies and over a wide range of baselines. By utilizing its charge identification capability, ICAL can efficiently distinguish μ− and μ+ events. Atmospheric neutrinos passing long distances through Earth can be detected at ICAL with good resolution in energy and direction, which enables ICAL to see the density-dependent matter oscillations experienced by upward-going neutrinos in the multi-GeV range of energies. In this work, we explore the possibility of utilizing neutrino oscillations in the presence of matter to extract information about the internal structure of Earth complementary to seismic studies. Using good directional resolution, ICAL would be able to observe 331 μ− and 146 μ+ core-passing events with 500 kt·yr exposure. With this exposure, we show for the first time that the presence of Earth’s core can be independently confirmed at ICAL with a median ∆χ2 of 7.45 (4.83) assuming normal (inverted) mass ordering by ruling out the simple two-layered mantle-crust profile in theory while generating the prospective data with the PREM profile. We observe that in the absence of charge identification capability of ICAL, this sensitivity deteriorates significantly to 3.76 (1.59) for normal (inverted) mass ordering.

scholarly journals Radiography of Earth’s Core and Mantle with Atmospheric Neutrinos

2008 ◽  
Vol 100 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Gonzalez-Garcia ◽  
Francis Halzen ◽  
Michele Maltoni ◽  
Hiroyuki K. M. Tanaka
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Neutrinos ◽  
Earth’S Core ◽  
Earth's Core

scholarly journals Internal gravity waves in a stratified layer atop a convecting liquid core in a non-rotating spherical shell

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Bouffard ◽  
B Favier ◽  
D Lecoanet ◽  
M Le Bars
Keyword(s):  
Spherical Shell ◽  
Internal Waves ◽  
Gravity Waves ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Liquid Core ◽  
Internal Gravity Waves ◽  
Earth’S Core ◽  
Earth's Core ◽  
Convective Region ◽  
Wide Range

Summary Seismic and magnetic observations have suggested the presence of a stably stratified layer atop Earth’s core. Such a layer could affect the morphology of the geomagnetic field and the evolution of the core, but the precise impact of this layer depends largely on its internal dynamics. Among other physical phenomena, stratified layers host internal gravity waves, which can be excited by adjacent convective motions. Internal waves are known to play an important role on the large scale dynamics of the Earth’s climate and on the long-term evolution of stars. Yet, they have received relatively little attention in the Earth’s outer core so far and deserve detailed investigations in this context. Here, we make a first step in that direction by running numerical simulations of internal gravity waves in a non-rotating spherical shell in which a stratified layer lies on top of a convective region. We use a non-linear equation of state to produce self-consistently such a two-layer system. Both propagating waves and global modes coexist in the stratified layer. We characterise the spectral properties of these waves and find that energy is distributed across a wide range of frequencies and length scales, that depends on the Prandtl number. For the control parameters considered and in the absence of rotational and magnetic effects, the mean kinetic energy in the layer is about 0.1 per cent that of the convective region. Gravity waves produce perturbations in the gravity field that may fall within the sensitivity limit of present-day instruments and could potentially be detected in available data. We finally provide a road map for future, more geophysically realistic, studies towards a more thorough understanding of the dynamics and impact of internal waves in a stratified layer atop Earth’s core.

scholarly journals Fe5S2 identified as a host for sulfur in Earth’s core

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Zurkowski ◽  
Barbara Lavina ◽  
Abigail Case ◽  
Kellie Swadba ◽  
Stella Chariton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Sulfide ◽  
Inner Core ◽  
Outer Core ◽  
Iron Sulfides ◽  
Earth’S Core ◽  
Earth's Core ◽  
Planetary Cores ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Metal Metal ◽  
The Stability

Planetary habitability, as we experience on Earth, is linked to a functioning geodynamo which is in part driven by the crystallization of the liquid iron-nickel-alloy core as a planet cools over time. Cosmochemical considerations suggest that sulfur is a candidate light alloying element in rocky planetary cores of varying sizes and oxidation states; such that, iron sulfide phase relations at extreme conditions contribute to outer core thermochemical convection and inner core crystallization in a wide range of planetary bodies. Here we experimentally investigate the structural properties of the Fe-S system and report the discovery of the sulfide, Fe5S2, crystallizing in equilibrium with iron at Earth’s outer core pressures and high temperatures. Using single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques, Fe5S2 was determined to adopt the complex Ni5As2-type structure (P63cm, Z = 6). These results conclude that Fe5S2 is likely to crystallize at the interface of Earth’s core and mantle and will begin to crystallize during the freezing out of Earth and Venus’ core overtime. The increased metal-metal bonding measured in Fe5S2 compared to the other high P-T iron sulfides may contribute to signatures of higher conductivity from regions of Fe5S2 is crystallization. Fe5S2 could serve as a host for Ni and Si as has been observed in the related meteoritic phase, perryite, (Fe, Ni)8(P, Si)3, adding intricacies to elemental partitioning during inner core crystallization. The stability of Fe5S2 presented here is key to understanding the role of sulfur in the multicomponent crystallization sequences that drive the geodynamics and dictate the structures of Earth and rocky planetary cores.

Earth's core lightens up

Nature ◽  
2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoff Brumfiel
Keyword(s):  
Earth’S Core ◽  
Earth's Core

Safety assessment of biological raw materials in the system of medicines quality assurance

2020 ◽  
pp. 63-72
Author(s):  
Yu. Olefir ◽  
E. Sakanyan ◽  
I. Osipova ◽  
V. Dobrynin ◽  
M. Smirnova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
State Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Spongiform Encephalopathy ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
First Time ◽  
Medicines Quality

The entry of a wide range of biotechnological products into the pharmaceutical market calls for rein-forcement of the quality, efficacy and safety standards at the state level. The following general monographs have been elaborated for the first time to be included into the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation, XIV edition: "Viral safety" and "Reduction of the risk of transmitting animal spongiform encephalopathy via medicinal products". These general monographs were elaborated taking into account the requirements of foreign pharmacopoeias and the WHO recommendations. The present paper summarises the key aspects of the monographs.

Validated Stability Indicating HPTLC Method for the Estimation of Amoxapine in Different Stress Conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-279
Author(s):  
Shweta G. Rangari ◽  
Nishikant A. Raut ◽  
Pradip W. Dhore
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
Good Resolution ◽  
Stability Indicating ◽  
Limit Of Quantitation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Hptlc Method

Background:The unstable and/or toxic degradation products may form due to degradation of drug which results into loss of therapeutic activity and lead to life threatening condition. Hence, it is important to establish the stability characteristics of drug in various conditions such as in temperature, light, oxidising agent and susceptibility across a wide range of pH values.Introduction:The aim of the proposed study was to develop simple, sensitive and economic stability indicating high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) method for the quantification of Amoxapine in the presence of degradation products.Methods:Amoxapine and its degraded products were separated on precoated silica gel 60F254 TLC plates by using mobile phase comprising of methanol: toluene: ammonium acetate (6:3:1, v/v/v). The densitometric evaluation was carried out at 320 nm in reflectance/absorbance mode. The degradation products obtained as per ICH guidelines under acidic, basic and oxidative conditions have different Rf values 0.12, 0.26 and 0.6 indicating good resolution from each other and pure drug with Rf: 0.47. Amoxapine was found to be stable under neutral, thermal and photo conditions.Results:The method was validated as per ICH Q2 (R1) guidelines in terms of accuracy, precision, ruggedness, robustness and linearity. A good linear relationship between concentration and response (peak area and peak height) over the range of 80 ng/spot to 720 ng/spot was observed from regression analysis data showing correlation coefficient 0.991 and 0.994 for area and height, respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) for area were found to be 1.176 ng/mL and 3.565 ng/mL, whereas for height, 50.063 ng/mL and 151.707 ng/mL respectively.Conclusion:The statistical analysis confirmed the accuracy, precision and selectivity of the proposed method which can be effectively used for the analysis of amoxapine in the presence of degradation products.

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