scholarly journals Unconstrained off-shell superfield formulation of 4D, $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 2 supersymmetric higher spins

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioseph Buchbinder ◽  
Evgeny Ivanov ◽  
Nikita Zaigraev

Abstract We present, for the first time, the complete off-shell 4D,$$ \mathcal{N} $$ N = 2 superfield actions for any free massless integer spin s ≥ 2 fields, using the $$ \mathcal{N} $$ N = 2 harmonic super-space approach. The relevant gauge supermultiplet is accommodated by two real analytic bosonic superfields $$ {h}_{\alpha \left(s-1\right)\dot{\alpha}\left(s-1\right)}^{++} $$ h α s − 1 α ̇ s − 1 + + , $$ {h}_{\alpha \left(s-2\right)\dot{\alpha}\left(s-2\right)}^{++} $$ h α s − 2 α ̇ s − 2 + + and two conjugated complex analytic spinor superfields $$ {h}_{\alpha \left(s-1\right)\dot{\alpha}\left(s-1\right)}^{+3} $$ h α s − 1 α ̇ s − 1 + 3 , $$ {h}_{\alpha \left(s-2\right)\dot{\alpha}\left(s-1\right)}^{+3} $$ h α s − 2 α ̇ s − 1 + 3 , where α(s) := (α1. . . αs),$$ \dot{\alpha} $$ α ̇ (s) := ($$ \dot{\alpha} $$ α ̇ 1. . .$$ \dot{\alpha} $$ α ̇ s). Like in the harmonic superspace formulations of $$ \mathcal{N} $$ N = 2 Maxwell and supergravity theories, an infinite number of original off-shell degrees of freedom is reduced to the finite set (in WZ-type gauge) due to an infinite number of the component gauge parameters in the analytic superfield parameters. On shell, the standard spin content (s,s−1/2,s−1/2,s−1) is restored. For s = 2 the action describes the linearized version of “minimal” $$ \mathcal{N} $$ N = 2 Einstein supergravity.

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Boulanger ◽  
Victor Lekeu

Abstract At the free level, a given massless field can be described by an infinite number of different potentials related to each other by dualities. In terms of Young tableaux, dualities replace any number of columns of height hi by columns of height D − 2 − hi, where D is the spacetime dimension: in particular, applying this operation to empty columns gives rise to potentials containing an arbitrary number of groups of D − 2 extra antisymmetric indices. Using the method of parent actions, action principles including these potentials, but also extra fields, can be derived from the usual ones. In this paper, we revisit this off-shell duality and clarify the counting of degrees of freedom and the role of the extra fields. Among others, we consider the examples of the double dual graviton in D = 5 and two cases, one topological and one dynamical, of exotic dualities leading to spin three fields in D = 3.


2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 119
Author(s):  
Stelios K. Georgantzinos ◽  
Georgios I. Giannopoulos ◽  
Panteleimon A. Bakalis

This paper aims to establish six-dimensional (6D) printing as a new branch of additive manufacturing investigating its benefits, advantages as well as possible limitations concerning the design and manufacturing of effective smart structures. The concept of 6D printing, to the authors’ best knowledge, is introduced for the first time. The new method combines the four-dimensional (4D) and five-dimensional (5D) printing techniques. This means that the printing process is going to use five degrees of freedom for creating the final object while the final produced material component will be a smart/intelligent one (i.e., will be capable of changing its shape or properties due to its interaction with an environmental stimulus). A 6D printed structure can be stronger and more effective than a corresponding 4D printed structure, can be manufactured using less material, can perform movements by being exposed to an external stimulus through an interaction mechanism, and it may learn how to reconfigure itself suitably, based on predictions via mathematical modeling and simulations.


2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (06) ◽  
pp. 1450009
Author(s):  
Joachim Kupsch

Canonical transformations (Bogoliubov transformations) for fermions with an infinite number of degrees of freedom are studied within a calculus of superanalysis. A continuous representation of the orthogonal group is constructed on a Grassmann module extension of the Fock space. The pull-back of these operators to the Fock space yields a unitary ray representation of the group that implements the Bogoliubov transformations.


1991 ◽  
Vol 253 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. L. Gyorffy

The symmetry properties of the Dirac equation, which describes electrons in relativistic quantum mechanics, is rather different from that of the corresponding Schr6dinger equation. Consequently, even when the velocity of light, c, is much larger than the velocity of an electron Vk, with wave vector, k, relativistic effects may be important. For instance, while the exchange interaction is isotropic in non-relativistic quantum mechanics the coupling between spin and orbital degrees of freedom in relativistic quantum mechanics implies that the band structure of a spin polarized metal depends on the orientation of its magnetization with respect to the crystal axis. As a consequence there is a finite set of degenerate directions for which the total energy of the electrons is an absolute minimum. Evidently, the above effect is the principle mechanism of the magneto crystalline anisotropy [1]. The following session will focus on this and other qualitatively new relativistic effects, such as dichroism at x-ray frequencies [2] or Fano effects in photo-emission from non-polarized solids [3].


Author(s):  
Wei Liu ◽  
Yunbo Yuan ◽  
Tao He ◽  
Donghua Wang

Considering the effect of teeth surface sliding friction, free vibration of two-stage planetary gears (TPG) is studied theoretically for the first time. The lateral-torsional coupling dynamic model and equation are established with three degrees of freedom: two translations and one rotation. The change rule of natural frequency is discussed with the case of first stage planetary gear’s number 4 and second stage planetary gear’s number 3, 4 and 5. Afterwards three vibration modes are summarized by calculating the free vibration. In order to understand the behavior of friction, the effect of friction on natural frequencies is analyzed for the case of considering friction and not considering friction. Furthermore, the ‘self-coupling’ phenomenon is obtained from the vibration of center component of TPG Meanwhile, the ‘mutual coupling’ is obtained between the first-stage planetary gear (FPG) and the second-stage planetary gear (SPG).


Author(s):  
Ilya Feranchuk ◽  
Alexey Ivanov ◽  
Van-Hoang Le ◽  
Alexander Ulyanenkov

1997 ◽  
Vol 119 (4) ◽  
pp. 707-717 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milovan Z˘ivanovic´ ◽  
Miomir Vukobratovic´

The procedure of modeling and the complete general form mathematical model of manipulators with six degrees of freedom in cooperative work are presented in the paper, together with the solution of undefiniteness problem with respect to force distribution. For the first time, a system of active spatial six-degree-of-freedom mechanisms elastically interconnected with the object (dynamic environment) is modeled. The reason for the emergence of the undefiniteness problem with respect to force is explained and the procedure for solving this problem given. Unlike the approaches given in the available literature, the undefiniteness problem with respect to force is solved in accordance with physical phenomena. The modeling procedure is illustrated by a simplified example.


2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1878) ◽  
pp. 20180594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilse M. Daly ◽  
Martin J. How ◽  
Julian C. Partridge ◽  
Nicholas W. Roberts

Almost all animals, regardless of the anatomy of the eyes, require some level of gaze stabilization in order to see the world clearly and without blur. For the mantis shrimp, achieving gaze stabilization is unusually challenging as their eyes have an unprecedented scope for movement in all three rotational degrees of freedom: yaw, pitch and torsion. We demonstrate that the species Odontodactylus scyllarus performs stereotypical gaze stabilization in the yaw degree of rotational freedom, which is accompanied by simultaneous changes in the pitch and torsion rotation of the eye. Surprisingly, yaw gaze stabilization performance is unaffected by both the torsional pose and the rate of torsional rotation of the eye. Further to this, we show, for the first time, a lack of a torsional gaze stabilization response in the stomatopod visual system. In the light of these findings, we suggest that the neural wide-field motion detection network in the stomatopod visual system may follow a radially symmetric organization to compensate for the potentially disorientating effects of torsional eye movements, a system likely to be unique to stomatopods.


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