The 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is proposed to be involved in signaling pathways leading to adaptations in skeletal muscle in response to both a single exercise bout and exercise training. This study investigated the effect of endurance training on protein content of catalytic (α1, α2) and regulatory (β1, β2 and γ1, γ2, γ3) subunit isoforms of AMPK as well as on basal AMPK activity in human skeletal muscle. Eight healthy young men performed supervised one-legged knee extensor endurance training for 3 wk. Muscle biopsies were obtained before and 15 h after training in both legs. In response to training the protein content of α1, β2 and γ1 increased in the trained leg by 41, 34, and 26%, respectively (α1 and β2 P < 0.005, γ1 P < 0.05). In contrast, the protein content of the regulatory γ3-isoform decreased by 62% in the trained leg ( P = 0.01), whereas no effect of training was seen for α2, β1, and γ2. AMPK activity associated with the α1- and the α2-isoforms increased in the trained leg by 94 and 49%, respectively (both P < 0.005). In agreement with these observations, phosphorylation of α-AMPK-(Thr172) and of the AMPK target acetyl-CoA carboxylase-β(Ser221) increased by 74 and 180%, respectively (both P < 0.001). Essentially similar results were obtained in four additional subjects studied 55 h after training. This study demonstrates that protein content and basal AMPK activity in human skeletal muscle are highly susceptible to endurance exercise training. Except for the increase in γ1 protein, all observed adaptations to training could be ascribed to local contraction-induced mechanisms, since they did not occur in the contralateral untrained muscle.
Pioglitazone stimulates AMP-activated protein kinase signalling and increases the expression of genes involved in adiponectin signalling, mitochondrial function and fat oxidation in human skeletal muscle in vivo: a randomised trial
