Novel in vivo depiction of optic nerves hemorrhages in child abuse: a 3D-SWI pilot study

Neuroradiology ◽

10.1007/s00234-020-02622-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Giulio Zuccoli

Keyword(s):

Optic Nerve ◽

Mass Effect ◽

Abusive Head Trauma ◽

Superficial Siderosis ◽

Susceptibility Artifacts ◽

Female Ratio ◽

Optic Nerves ◽

Statistical Correlations ◽

Post Traumatic

Abstract Purpose Until now, the diagnosis of optic nerves hemorrhages in abusive head trauma (AHT) has been obtained only in the postmortem setting. The aim of the IRB-approved study was to assess the presence of optic nerves hemorrhages in AHT patients using 3D-SWI. Methods Thirteen children with a final confirmed multidisciplinary diagnosis of AHT underwent coronal and axial 3D-SWI imaging of the orbits. The presence of optic nerve sheath (ONS) hemorrhages was defined by thickening and marked 3D-SWI hypointensity of the ONS, resulting in mass effect upon the CSF space. Optic nerve (ON) hemorrhages were defined by areas of susceptibility artifacts in the ON parenchyma. Superficial siderosis was defined by susceptibility artifact coating the ON. Furthermore, data about post-traumatic deformity of the ONS at the head of the optic nerve were collected. Results The average age of the population was 7.9 ± 5.9 months old. The average GCS was 11.8 ± 4.5. The male to female ratio was 7:6. ONS hemorrhages were identified in 69.2% of cases. Superficial siderosis and ON hemorrhages were identified in 38.5 and 76.9% of cases, respectively. 3D-SWI also depicted traumatic deformity of the ONS at the level of the optic nerve head in 10 cases (76.9%). No statistical correlations were identified between RetCam findings and 3D-SWI findings or GCS and ON hemorrhages. Conclusion This research shows that dedicated MRI with volumetric SWI of the orbits can depict hemorrhages in the ON, ONS, and ONS injury, in AHT victims.

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Diffusion Basis Spectrum Imaging Detects Axonal Loss After Transient Dexamethasone Treatment in Optic Neuritis Mice

Frontiers in Neuroscience ◽

10.3389/fnins.2020.592063 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 ◽

Author(s):

Tsen-Hsuan Lin ◽

Jie Zhan ◽

Chunyu Song ◽

Michael Wallendorf ◽

Peng Sun ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Optic Nerve ◽

Optic Neuritis ◽

Corticosteroid Treatment ◽

Axonal Loss ◽

Dexamethasone Treatment ◽

Fiber Volume ◽

Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Mouse ◽

Optic Nerves ◽

Spectrum Imaging

Optic neuritis is a frequent first symptom of multiple sclerosis (MS) for which corticosteroids are a widely employed treatment option. The Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial (ONTT) reported that corticosteroid treatment does not improve long-term visual acuity, although the evolution of underlying pathologies is unclear. In this study, we employed non-invasive diffusion basis spectrum imaging (DBSI)-derived fiber volume to quantify 11% axonal loss 2 months after corticosteroid treatment (vs. baseline) in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mouse optic nerves affected by optic neuritis. Longitudinal DBSI was performed at baseline (before immunization), after a 2-week corticosteroid treatment period, and 1 and 2 months after treatment, followed by histological validation of neuropathology. Pathological metrics employed to assess the optic nerve revealed axonal protection and anti-inflammatory effects of dexamethasone treatment that were transient. Two months after treatment, axonal injury and loss were indistinguishable between PBS- and dexamethasone-treated optic nerves, similar to results of the human ONTT. Our findings in mice further support that corticosteroid treatment alone is not sufficient to prevent eventual axonal loss in ON, and strongly support the potential of DBSI as an in vivo imaging outcome measure to assess optic nerve pathology.

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Early Detection of Central Nervous System Relapse of Pediatric Leukemia with Measurement of Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter on MRI

Current Medical Imaging Formerly Current Medical Imaging Reviews ◽

10.2174/1573405614666181115114310 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 237-241

Author(s):

Taner Arpaci ◽

Barbaros S. Karagun

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Optic Nerve ◽

Early Detection ◽

Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter ◽

Central Nervous System Relapse ◽

Mri Findings ◽

Pediatric Leukemia ◽

Optic Nerves ◽

Cns Relapse

Background: Leukemia is the most common pediatric malignancy. Central Nervous System (CNS) is the most frequently involved extramedullary location at diagnosis and at relapse. </P><P> Objective: To determine if Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) findings of optic nerves should contribute to early detection of CNS relapse in pediatric leukemia. Methods: Twenty patients (10 boys, 10 girls; mean age 8,3 years, range 4-16 years) with proven CNS relapse of leukemia followed up between 2009 and 2017 in our institution were included. Orbital MRI exams performed before and during CNS relapse were reviewed retrospectively. Forty optic nerves with Optic Nerve Sheaths (ONS) and Optic Nerve Heads (ONH) were evaluated on fat-suppressed T2-weighted TSE axial MR images. ONS diameter was measured from the point 10 mm posterior to the globe. ONS distension and ONH configuration were graded as 0, 1 and 2. Results: Before CNS relapse, right mean ONS diameter was 4.52 mm and left was 4.61 mm which were 5.68 mm and 5.66 mm respectively during CNS relapse showing a mean increase of 25% on right and 22% on left. During CNS relapse, ONS showed grade 0 distension in 15%, grade 1 in 60%, grade 2 in 25% and ONH demonstrated grade 0 configuration in 70%, grade 1 in 25% and grade 2 in 5% of the patients. Conclusion: MRI findings of optic nerves may contribute to diagnose CNS relapse by demonstrating elevated intracranial pressure in children with leukemia.

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Transpalpebral Superolateral Orbitotomy for Orbital Cavernous Hemangioma Extirpation: 2-Dimensional Operative Video

Operative Neurosurgery ◽

10.1093/ons/opaa389 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (4) ◽

pp. E300-E300

Author(s):

Adrien T May ◽

Ramona Guatta ◽

Torstein R Meling

Keyword(s):

Optic Nerve ◽

Cavernous Hemangioma ◽

Healthy Woman ◽

Mass Effect ◽

Complete Information ◽

Nerve Compression ◽

Definitive Treatment ◽

Vascular Tumors ◽

Cerebral Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽

Patient Consent

Abstract Cavernous hemangiomas of the orbit are low-pressure vascular tumors. Usually benign, they become symptomatic by the local mass effect, pushing the eyeball forward, causing exophthalmia, by oculomotor muscle and nerve compression causing diplopia or by optic nerve compression, leading to visual impairment. Radiotherapy is of limited value in their treatment because of the fragility of the optic nerve and subsequent blindness risk. Surgery remains the gold standard and definitive treatment. We illustrate in this video a transpalpebral superolateral orbitotomy and extirpation of an orbital cavernous hemangioma. A 52-yr-old healthy woman was sent for neurosurgical consultation by her ophthalmologist. She described a history of progressive unilateral right exophthalmia in the last months. A cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a 2.5-cm-large orbital lesion located superiorly and laterally to the eyeball. Surgery was proposed and accepted by the patient. The frontozygomatic component of the orbital rim needed to be removed to safely extirpate the cavernous hemangioma without exerting unnecessary and risky pressure on the eyeball.1,2 We decided to go for a superolateral orbitotomy via a transpalpebral incision.3 Total removal of the lesion was achieved with no complication. Exophthalmia normalized. Written patient consent was obtained for use and publication of their image after complete information. The patient consented to the surgery.

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An Evidence-Based Systematic Review of Human Knee Post-Traumatic Osteoarthritis (PTOA): Timeline of Clinical Presentation and Disease Markers, Comparison of Knee Joint PTOA Models and Early Disease Implications

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22041996 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 1996 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Christine M. Khella ◽

Rojiar Asgarian ◽

Judith M. Horvath ◽

Bernd Rolauffs ◽

Melanie L. Hart

Keyword(s):

Synovial Fluid ◽

Knee Joint ◽

Ex Vivo ◽

Disease Process ◽

Early Disease ◽

Knee Trauma ◽

Post Traumatic ◽

Acute Knee

Understanding the causality of the post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) disease process of the knee joint is important for diagnosing early disease and developing new and effective preventions or treatments. The aim of this review was to provide detailed clinical data on inflammatory and other biomarkers obtained from patients after acute knee trauma in order to (i) present a timeline of events that occur in the acute, subacute, and chronic post-traumatic phases and in PTOA, and (ii) to identify key factors present in the synovial fluid, serum/plasma and urine, leading to PTOA of the knee in 23–50% of individuals who had acute knee trauma. In this context, we additionally discuss methods of simulating knee trauma and inflammation in in vivo, ex vivo articular cartilage explant and in vitro chondrocyte models, and answer whether these models are representative of the clinical inflammatory stages following knee trauma. Moreover, we compare the pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations used in such models and demonstrate that, compared to concentrations in the synovial fluid after knee trauma, they are exceedingly high. We then used the Bradford Hill Framework to present evidence that TNF-α and IL-6 cytokines are causal factors, while IL-1β and IL-17 are credible factors in inducing knee PTOA disease progresssion. Lastly, we discuss beneficial infrastructure for future studies to dissect the role of local vs. systemic inflammation in PTOA progression with an emphasis on early disease.

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In vitro analysis of the origin and maintenance of O-2Aadult progenitor cells.

The Journal of Cell Biology ◽

10.1083/jcb.116.1.167 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 116 (1) ◽

pp. 167-176 ◽

Cited By ~ 93

Author(s):

D Wren ◽

G Wolswijk ◽

M Noble

Keyword(s):

Adult Life ◽

Cell Types ◽

Adult Rats ◽

Optic Nerves ◽

Limited Life ◽

Old Rats ◽

Vitro Analysis

We have been studying the differing characteristics of oligodendrocyte-type-2 astrocyte (O-2A) progenitors isolated from optic nerves of perinatal and adult rats. These two cell types display striking differences in their in vitro phenotypes. In addition, the O-2Aperinatal progenitor population appears to have a limited life-span in vivo, while O-2Aadult progenitors appear to be maintained throughout life. O-2Aperinatal progenitors seem to have largely disappeared from the optic nerve by 1 mo after birth, and are not detectable in cultures derived from optic nerves of adult rats. In contrast, O-2Aadult progenitors can first be isolated from optic nerves of 7-d-old rats and are still present in optic nerves of 1-yr-old rats. These observations raise two questions: (a) From what source do O-2Aadult progenitors originate; and (b) how is the O-2Aadult progenitor population maintained in the nerve throughout life? We now provide in vitro evidence indicating that O-2Aadult progenitors are derived directly from a subpopulation of O-2Aperinatal progenitors. We also provide evidence indicating that O-2Aadult progenitors are capable of prolonged self renewal in vitro. In addition, our data suggests that the in vitro generation of oligodendrocytes from O-2Aadult progenitors occurs primarily through asymmetric division and differentiation, in contrast with the self-extinguishing pattern of symmetric division and differentiation displayed by O-2Aperinatal progenitors in vitro. We suggest that O-2Aadult progenitors express at least some properties of stem cells and thus may be able to support the generation of both differentiated progeny cells as well as their own continued replenishment throughout adult life.

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Post-traumatic regeneration of optic nerve axons: Comparison between fish and rodents

Experimental Eye Research ◽

10.1016/0014-4835(92)90334-o ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 55 ◽

pp. 37

Author(s):

M. Schwartz ◽

S. Eitan ◽

E. Blaugrund ◽

I. Cohen ◽

V. Lavie ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Optic Nerve ◽

Post Traumatic

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Blocking LINGO-1 in vivo reduces degeneration and enhances regeneration of the optic nerve

Multiple Sclerosis Journal - Experimental Translational and Clinical ◽

10.1177/2055217316641704 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2 ◽

pp. 205521731664170 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Melissa M Gresle ◽

Yaou Liu ◽

Trevor J Kilpatrick ◽

Dennis Kemper ◽

Qi-Zhu Wu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Optic Nerve ◽

Axonal Regeneration ◽

Antibody Therapy ◽

Experimental Models ◽

Therapeutic Effects ◽

Axonal Loss ◽

Nerve Crush ◽

Acute Optic Neuritis ◽

Injury Models

Background Two ongoing phase II clinical trials (RENEW and SYNERGY) have been developed to test the efficacy of anti-LINGO-1 antibodies in acute optic neuritis and relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis, respectively. Across a range of experimental models, LINGO-1 has been found to inhibit neuron and oligodendrocyte survival, axon regeneration, and (re)myelination. The therapeutic effects of anti-LINGO-1 antibodies on optic nerve axonal loss and regeneration have not yet been investigated. Objective In this series of studies we investigate if LINGO-1 antibodies can prevent acute inflammatory axonal loss, and promote axonal regeneration after injury in rodent optic nerves. Methods The effects of anti-LINGO-1 antibody on optic nerve axonal damage were assessed using rodent myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), and its effects on axonal regeneration were assessed in optic nerve crush injury models. Results In the optic nerve, anti-LINGO-1 antibody therapy was associated with improved optic nerve parallel diffusivity measures on MRI in mice with EAE and reduced axonal loss in rat EAE. Both anti-LINGO-1 antibody therapy and the genetic deletion of LINGO-1 reduced nerve crush-induced axonal degeneration and enhanced axonal regeneration. Conclusion These data demonstrate that LINGO-1 blockade is associated with axonal protection and regeneration in the injured optic nerve.

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