The cost of mating with a non-virgin male in a monandrous butterfly: experimental evidence from the speckled wood, Pararge aegeria

2006 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kris Lauwers ◽  
Hans Van Dyck
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Pararge Aegeria ◽  
Virgin Male ◽  
The Cost

scholarly journals Use of theoretical efficiencies of protein and fat synthesis to calculate energy requirements for growth in pigs

2008 ◽  
Vol 101 (6) ◽  
pp. 895-901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl Z. Roux
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Regression Estimate ◽  
Retention Efficiency ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Approximate Equality ◽  
Fat Synthesis ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Fasting Heat Production

From the observation that fasting heat production includes the cost of body protein resynthesis and the evidence that protein resynthesis is included in the regression estimate of protein retention efficiency it is conjectured that the estimate of maintenance from fasting heat production must be conceptually equal to the regression intercept estimate of maintenance plus the cost of body protein resynthesis. Experimental evidence for comparable situations shows an approximate observational equality in agreement with the conjectured conceptual equality. This approximate equality implies that the theoretical (stiochiometric) efficiency of protein synthesis should be used in conjunction with the estimate of maintenance from fasting heat production for the prediction of growth energy requirements. The approximate maintenance equalities suggest furthermore approximate equality of theoretical fat synthesis efficiency and regression fat retention efficiency. This conjecture is also supported by experimental evidence. Some practical nutrition and pig breeding implications of the foregoing conclusions are indicated.

scholarly journals Nudging Farmers to Use Fertilizer: Theory and Experimental Evidence from Kenya

2011 ◽  
Vol 101 (6) ◽  
pp. 2350-2390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esther Duflo ◽  
Michael Kremer ◽  
Jonathan Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Small Time ◽  
Fixed Costs ◽  
Western Kenya ◽  
Laissez Faire ◽  
The Cost

We model farmers as facing small fixed costs of purchasing fertilizer and assume some are stochastically present biased and not fully sophisticated about this bias. Such farmers may procrastinate, postponing fertilizer purchases until later periods, when they may be too impatient to purchase fertilizer. Consistent with the model, many farmers in Western Kenya fail to take advantage of apparently profitable fertilizer investments, but they do invest in response to small, time-limited discounts on the cost of acquiring fertilizer (free delivery) just after harvest. Calibration suggests that this policy can yield higher welfare than either laissez-faire policies or heavy subsidies. (JEL Q13, Q12, Q16, Q18)

scholarly journals Experimental evidence that sentinel behaviour is affected by risk

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Ridley ◽  
N. J. Raihani ◽  
M. B. V. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Predation Risk ◽  
Alarm Calls ◽  
Predator Detection ◽  
Conspicuous Feature ◽  
Cooperatively Breeding ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Investment Patterns ◽  
Perceived Predation Risk

Sentinels are a conspicuous feature of some cooperative societies and are often assumed to provide benefits in terms of increased predator detection. Similar to other cooperative behaviours, variation in investment in sentinel behaviour should reflect variation in the benefits of such behaviour. However, evidence for this is inconclusive: to date experiments have manipulated the cost of sentinel behaviour, and considerations of changes in the benefits of sentinel activity on investment patterns are lacking. Here, we experimentally manipulated the benefits of sentinel behaviour in the cooperatively breeding pied babbler ( Turdoides bicolor ) to assess whether this had any impact on sentinel activity. We simulated the presence of an unseen predator using playbacks of heterospecific alarm calls, and the presence of an actual predator using a model snake. In both cases, the increase in perceived predation risk caused an increase in sentinel activity, demonstrating that investment in sentinel activity increases when the benefits are greater.

Reference-Dependence Effects in Benefit Assessment: Beyond the WTA–WTP Dichotomy and WTA–WTP Ratios

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Kip Viscusi
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Reference Point ◽  
Willingness To Accept ◽  
Reference Dependence ◽  
Statistical Life ◽  
The Cost

Willingness-to-pay (WTP) values and willingness-to-accept (WTA) values have received considerable attention, but the role of reference-dependence effects is more diverse. Policies involving cost and risk may have reference point effects with respect to both cost and risk, leading to four potential valuation measures. Experimental evidence for water quality policies suggests that the cost reference effects are particularly influential in that context. There is, however, no evidence of significant reference effects for labor market estimates of the value of a statistical life. Sound application of benefit values other than WTP measures requires pertinent empirical evidence and an assessment of the underlying rationality of the determinants of the reference-dependence effects.

scholarly journals Carrots and sticks: Experimental evidence of vote-buying and voter intimidation in Guatemala

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ezequiel Gonzalez-Ocantos ◽  
Chad Kiewiet de Jonge ◽  
Carlos Meléndez ◽  
David Nickerson ◽  
Javier Osorio
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Social Desirability ◽  
Social Desirability Bias ◽  
Vote Buying ◽  
The Social ◽  
Commitment Problem ◽  
General Elections ◽  
Original Survey ◽  
The Cost

How do parties target intimidation and vote-buying during elections? Parties prefer the use of carrots over sticks because they are in the business of getting voters to like them and expect higher legitimacy costs if observers expose intimidation. However, their brokers sometimes choose intimidation because it is cheaper and possibly more effective than vote-buying. Specifically, we contend that brokers use intimidation when the cost of buying votes is prohibitively high; in interactions with voters among whom the commitment problem inherent to clientelistic transactions is difficult to overcome; and in contexts where the risk of being denounced for violence is lower. We probe our hypotheses about the different profile of voters targeted with vote-buying and intimidation using two list experiments included in an original survey conducted during the 2011 Guatemalan general elections. The list experiments were designed to overcome the social desirability bias associated with direct questions about illegal or stigmatized behaviors. Our quantitative analysis is supplemented by interviews with politicians from various parties. The analysis largely confirms our expectations about the diametrically opposed logics of vote-buying and intimidation targeting, and illuminates how both are key components of politics in a country with weak parties and high levels of violence.

scholarly journals Trade-off Investment between Tonic Immobility and Mate Search in the Sweetpotato Weevil, Cylas formicarius (Coleoptera: Brentidae)

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 774
Author(s):  
Haoyong Ouyang ◽  
Pengxiang Wu ◽  
Runzhi Zhang ◽  
Muhammad Haseeb
Keyword(s):  
Tonic Immobility ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Sweetpotato Weevil ◽  
Cylas Formicarius ◽  
Mate Search ◽  
Virgin Male ◽  
Male Mate ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Relationship

Tonic immobility (TI) is a well-known anti-predator strategy adopted by diverse preys. Numerous studies on the cost–benefit involve in TI have been reported. Although, some studies have reported the effect of mating behavior on TI, few studies highlight the phases of mate search. In the present study, we investigated the relationship between mate search and TI behavior in the sweetpotato weevil (SPW), Cylas formicarius (Coleoptera: Brentidae). First, we found the most active mate search period of male SPW within 24 h. Then, we measured whether the duration of TI of virgin male and female were affected during the mate search. In the end, the Y-tube olfactometer was used to compare the duration of mate search and the proportion of orientation towards the females in two artificial selection groups of the male SPW with longer and shorter duration of TI. Our study confirmed that male mate searching increase after 3 h at night, and up to 73% at midnight, TI was affected by mate search in male, because the duration of TI of the male during mate search (Mean ± SE = 214.53 ± 22.74 s) was significantly shorter duration than the control (679.64 ± 69.77 s). However, mate search did not affect the strength of TI in the females tested. This study determined that mate search was affected by TI due to males from the group with shorter duration of TI who had 28% higher proportion of orientation towards the females than the males with longer duration of TI. Investment trade-off between TI and mate search was confirmed in the males of the SPW.

scholarly journals The cost of a divided America: an experimental study into destructive behavior

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wladislaw Mill ◽  
John Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Political Polarization ◽  
Hillary Clinton ◽  
Donald Trump ◽  
Destructive Behavior ◽  
Dysfunctional Behavior ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
The Cost

AbstractDoes political polarization lead to dysfunctional behavior? To study this question, we investigate the attitudes of supporters of Donald Trump and of Hillary Clinton towards each other and how these attitudes affect spiteful behavior. We find that both Trump and Clinton supporters display less positive attitudes towards the opposing supporters compared to coinciding supporters. More importantly, we show that significantly more wealth is destroyed if the opponent is an opposing voter. This effect is mainly driven by Clinton voters. This provides the first experimental evidence that political polarization leads to destructive behavior.

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