scholarly journals Use of theoretical efficiencies of protein and fat synthesis to calculate energy requirements for growth in pigs

2008 ◽  
Vol 101 (6) ◽  
pp. 895-901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl Z. Roux
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Regression Estimate ◽  
Retention Efficiency ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Approximate Equality ◽  
Fat Synthesis ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Fasting Heat Production

From the observation that fasting heat production includes the cost of body protein resynthesis and the evidence that protein resynthesis is included in the regression estimate of protein retention efficiency it is conjectured that the estimate of maintenance from fasting heat production must be conceptually equal to the regression intercept estimate of maintenance plus the cost of body protein resynthesis. Experimental evidence for comparable situations shows an approximate observational equality in agreement with the conjectured conceptual equality. This approximate equality implies that the theoretical (stiochiometric) efficiency of protein synthesis should be used in conjunction with the estimate of maintenance from fasting heat production for the prediction of growth energy requirements. The approximate maintenance equalities suggest furthermore approximate equality of theoretical fat synthesis efficiency and regression fat retention efficiency. This conjecture is also supported by experimental evidence. Some practical nutrition and pig breeding implications of the foregoing conclusions are indicated.

Incorporating turn-over in whole body protein retention efficiency in cattle and sheep

2005 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Z. Roux
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Regression ◽  
General Rule ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Regression Estimate ◽  
Retention Efficiency ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Protein Retention ◽  
Limit Value ◽  
Turn Over

AbstractIn pigs the quantification of breakdown and synthesis by powers of body protein led to the estimation of turn-over related protein retention efficiency by the equation kP= {1 + [1 − (P/α)(2/9)Q]−1/6}−1, with α the limit value of whole body protein (P) maturity, so that 0 ≤(P/α)≤1. The factor 2/9 is derived from diffusion attributes indicated by cell and nucleus geometries α and Q represents a scaled transformation of intake, 0 ≤ Q ≤ 1, such that a value of Q = 1 may represent ad libitum intake and Q = 0 the intake at the maintenance requirement. Published observations on finishing steers provide estimates of whole body protein synthesis and breakdown at pre-determined levels of intake in confirmation of the theoretical (2/9)Q power associated with (P/α) inkP. Further confirmation of the (2/9)Q power in cattle follows from satisfactory agreement between an estimate of conventional multiple regression retention efficiency and the turn-over related retention efficiency calculated at the given level of intake, for the mid point of the body mass interval covered by the regression estimate. In addition, a simulation experiment on cattle from the literature gives power estimates of protein breakdown and synthesis in general agreement with those accepted for pigs. Examples on both fine and coarse diets are employed to suggest a general rule for prediction on diets causing submaximal efficiency due to suboptimal intakes.In sheep, evidence derived from estimates of conventional multiple regression efficiencies suggests that the rule (a-b) = (2/9) Q for the calculation ofkPshould be reserved for the description of compensatory growth. Protein retention efficiency for ordinary growth should be described by an adaptation of the rule derived for suboptimal intakes.

PSIV-2 Evaluation of Relationship Between Feed Efficiency Traits and Energy Metabolism Using Comparative Slaughter Studies in Growing and Finishing Cattle

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 214-215
Author(s):  
Phillip A Lancaster
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Comparative Slaughter

Abstract There is uncertainty whether feed efficiency traits are related to energetic efficiency. The objective of this study was to utilize comparative slaughter data to evaluate the relationships of feed efficiency traits with maintenance energy requirements (MEm) and efficiency of metabolizable energy (ME) use for maintenance (km) and gain (kg). Published data were compiled (31 studies, 214 treatment means) on metabolizable energy intake (MEI) and composition of empty body gain in growing cattle. Data analyses were performed using R statistical software considering each treatment mean as an independent experimental unit. Assuming fasting heat production (FHP) varies only due to empty body protein (EBP) composition, it was computed as 295 kcal/kg EBP.75. MEm, km, and kg were computed from the nonlinear relationship between heat production and MEI. Residual intake (lower is more efficient) was computed as the residual from linear regression of MEI on EBW and EBW gain (RMEI) or MEI on EBP, retained energy as protein and retained energy as fat (RMEIc). Residual gain (higher is more efficient) was computed as the residual from linear regression of EBW gain on EBW and MEI (REBG) or retained energy on EBP and MEI (RRE). MEI was positively correlated with RMEI (0.46) and RMEIc (0.44), and EBW gain was correlated with REBG (0.58) and RRE (0.39). FHP was correlated with RMEIc (-0.25). MEm was weakly correlated with RMEI (0.19), RMEIc (0.22), and REBG (-0.26), but strongly correlated with RRE (-0.51). km was moderately correlated with RMEI (-0.35), but strongly correlated with REBG (0.49), RMEIc (-0.59), and RRE (0.79). kg was strongly correlated with RMEI (-0.69), REBG (0.47), RMEIc (-0.89), and RRE (0.70). Correlations among feed efficiency traits were strong (>±0.48). In conclusion, feed efficiency traits using retained energy as the dependent variable had stronger correlations with maintenance energy requirements than those using feed intake as the dependent variable.

scholarly journals Fasting heat production and energy cost of standing activity in veal calves

2008 ◽  
Vol 100 (6) ◽  
pp. 1315-1324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Etienne Labussière ◽  
Serge Dubois ◽  
Jaap van Milgen ◽  
Gérard Bertrand ◽  
Jean Noblet
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Total Duration ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Veal Calves ◽  
Fasting Heat Production

Metabolic body size of veal calves is still calculated by using the 0·75 exponent and no data were available to determine energy cost of physical activity during the whole fattening period. Data from two trials focusing on protein and/or energy requirements were used to determine the coefficient of metabolic body size and the energy cost of standing activity in male Prim'Holstein calves. Total heat production was measured by indirect calorimetry in ninety-five calves weighing 60–265 kg and was divided using a modelling approach between components related to the BMR, physical activity and feed intake. The calculation of the energy cost of standing activity was based on quantifying the physical activity by using force sensors on which the metabolism cage was placed and on the interruption of an IR beam allowing the determination of standing or lying position of the calf. The best exponent relating zero activity fasting heat production (FHP0) to metabolic body size was 0·85, which differed significantly from the traditionally used 0·75. Per additional kJ metabolizable energy (ME) intake, FHP0 increased by 0·28 kJ; at a conventional daily 650 kJ/kg body weight (BW)0·85 ME intake, daily FHP0 averaged 310 kJ/kg BW0·85. Calves stood up sixteen times per day; total duration of standing increased from 5·1 to 6·4 h per day as animals became older. The hourly energy cost of standing activity was proportional to BW0·65 and was estimated as 12·4 kJ/kg BW0·65. These estimates allow for a better estimation of the maintenance energy requirements in veal calves.

scholarly journals 221 Quantifying the relationship between fasting heat production and chemical empty body composition in sheep and cattle

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 143-144
Author(s):  
Phillip A Lancaster
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Random Variable ◽  
Lasso Regression ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Protein Mass ◽  
Similar Weight ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Fasting Heat Production

Abstract Previous research indicates that animals of similar weight but greater protein mass have greater metabolic rate. The objective was to quantify the relationship between fasting heat production (FHP) and empty body composition in ruminants. A literature search was conducted to compile data on FHP and empty body composition. Seven studies using sheep or cattle consisting of 49 treatment means were found reporting FHP and chemical empty body composition. Data were analyzed with R statistical packages using mixed model methodology with study as a random variable. Given the strong correlations (r > 0.7) and high degree of multicollinearity (VIF > 30) among EBW, empty body protein (EBP) and empty body fat (EBF), LASSO regression was used to reveal that EBP was the important predictor of FHP. Allometric models (a*X^b) gave significant (P < 0.001) values for a and b of 74.3 ± 10.4 and 0.74 ± 0.02 for X = EBW (R2 = 0.963, RMSE = 432 kcal, AIC = 737), 227.7 ± 21.1 and 0.86 ± 0.02 for X = EBP (R2 = 0.972, RMSE = 375 kcal, AIC = 724), and 270.8 ± 75.9 and 0.75 ± 0.07 for X = EBF (R2 = 0.702, RMSE = 1219 kcal, AIC = 839), respectively. Log transformed models (lnFHP = lnX) gave significant (P < 0.001) values for intercept and slope of 4.47 ± 0.13 and 0.69 ± 0.02 for X = EBW (R2 = 0.979, RMSE = 0.088 lnkcal, AIC = -62.6), 5.61 ± 0.11 and 0.74 ± 0.03 for X = EBP (R2 = 0.973, RMSE = 0.096 lnkcal, AIC = -45.1), and 6.44 ± 0.19 and 0.33 ± 0.02 for X = EBF (R2 = 0.894, RMSE = 0.125 lnkcal, AIC = -13.8), respectively. A log transformed model including both EBP and EBF resulted in significant intercept (5.79 ± 0.14; P < 0.0001), lnEBP coefficient (0.56 ± 0.08; P < 0.0001) and lnEBF coefficient (0.09 ± 0.04; P = 0.02) with VIF of 8.3. The R2, RMSE and AIC of this model were 0.970, 0.088 lnkcal and -43.5; not improved over the model with EBP alone. In conclusion, EBP explained the variation in FHP as well or slightly better than EBW, and EBF did not significantly improve the prediction.

Observations on the effect of environmental temperature and environment at moult on the heat production and energy requirements of hens and cockerels of a White Leghorn strain

1974 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 553-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. B. O'Neill ◽  
N. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
White Leghorn ◽  
Temperature Group ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Environmental Temperatures ◽  
Fasting Heat Production

SUMMARYThe heat production of hens and cockerels of a White Leghorn strain (‘H & N’) was measured after acclimation to environmental temperatures of 16, 23, 27 and 33 °C. No difference in fasting heat production was found between 16 and 23 °C for well-feathered hens in the first few months after moult though there were substantial reductions at 27 °C and above. Both hens and cockerels showed a trend of increasing net availability of metabolizable energy with increasing environmental temperature though this was non-significant. There were significant reductions between 16 and 27 °C in the metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance for both sexes.Results are also given for the heat production of laying hens exposed to short daylight periods and high or low environmental temperatures. Although the mean fasting heat production of the high-temperature group was greater, the difference was not statistically significant.

scholarly journals Protein and energy requirements for maintenance of indigenous Granadina goats

1990 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Prieto ◽  
J. F. Aguilera ◽  
L. Lara ◽  
J. FonollÁ
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Total N ◽  
A Value ◽  
Maintenance Requirements ◽  
Fasting Heat Production

Sixteen adult castrated male goats of the Granadina breed, with initial live weights ranging from 26.0 to 33.3 kg were used in two experiments to determine their protein and energy requirements for maintenance. Digestibility, nitrogen and energy balance measurements were made during the experiments. Two diets, which were based on pelleted lucerne (Medicago sativa) hay alone or on this forage and barley, were individually given at about maintenance level once daily. Gas exchange was measured using open-circuit respiration chambers. Fasting heat production was also determined. By regression analysis endogenous urinary N and maintenance requirements for N were estimated to be 119 mg/kg body-weight (W)0.75 per d and 409 mg total N/kg W0.75 per d respectively. Fasting heat production was 324 kJ/kg W0.75. The energy requirement for maintenance was calculated by regression of energy balance on metabolizable energy (ME) intake and a value of 443 kJ/kg W0.75 per d was found. The overall efficiency of utilization of ME for maintenance was 0.73.

scholarly journals 224 A method for estimating the target for protein energy retention in sheep

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 143-143
Author(s):  
Holland C Dougherty ◽  
Hutton Oddy ◽  
Mark Evered ◽  
James W Oltjen
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Protein Mass ◽  
Reference Weight ◽  
Animal Growth

Abstract Target protein mass at maturity is a common “attractor” used in animal models to derive components of animal growth. This target muscle protein at maturity, M*, is used as a driver of a model of animal growth and body composition with pools representing muscle and visceral protein; where viscera is heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, reticulorumen and gastrointestinal tract; and muscle is non-visceral protein. This M* term then drives changes in protein mass and heat production, based on literature data stating that heat production scales linearly with protein mass but not liveweight. This led us to adopt a modelling approach where energy utilization is directly related to protein content of the animal, and energy not lost as heat or deposited as protein is fat. To maintain continuity with existing feeding systems we estimate M* from Standard Reference Weight (SRW) as follows: M* (kJ) = SRW * SHRINK * (1-FMAT) * (MUSC) * (CPM)* 23800. Where SRW is standard reference weight (kg), SHRINK is the ratio of empty body to live weight (0.86), FMAT is proportion of fat in the empty body at maturity (0.30), MUSC is the proportion of empty body protein that is in muscle (0.85), CPM is the crude protein content of fat-free muscle at maturity (0.21), and 23800 is the energetic content (kJ) of a kilogram of crude protein. Values for SHRINK, FMAT, MUSC and CPM were derived from a synthesis of our own experimental data and the literature. For sheep, these values show M* to be: M* (kJ) = SRW * 0.86* (1-0.3) * 0.85 * 0.21 *23800 = SRW * 2557. This method allows for use of existing knowledge regarding standard reference weight and other parameters in estimating target muscle mass at maturity, as part of a model of body composition and performance in ruminants.

RENEWABLE ENERGY INTEGRATION FOR HOT WATER SUPPLY AND HEATING OF BUILDINGS

2021 ◽  
pp. 3-12
Author(s):  
Yu. Selikhov ◽  
K. Gorbunov ◽  
V. Stasov
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Heat Supply ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
The Cost

Solar energy is widely used in solar systems, where economy and ecology are combined. Namely, this represents an important moment in the era of depletion of energy resources. The use of solar energy is a promising economical item for all countries of the world, meeting their interests also in terms of energy independence, thanks to which it is confidently gaining a stable position in the global energy sector. The cost of heat obtained through the use of solar installations largely depends on the radiation and climatic conditions of the area where the solar installation is used. The climatic conditions of our country, especially the south, make it possible to use the energy of the Sun to cover a significant part of the need for heat. A decrease in the reserves of fossil fuel and its rise in price have led to the development of optimal technical solutions, efficiency and economic feasibility of using solar installations. And today this is no longer an idle curiosity, but a conscious desire of homeowners to save not only their financial budget, but also health, which is possible only with the use of alternative energy sources, such as: double-circuit solar installations, geothermal heat pumps (HP), wind power generators. The problem is especially acute in the heat supply of housing and communal services (HCS), where the cost of fuel for heat production is several times higher than the cost of electricity. The main disadvantages of centralized heat supply sources are low energy, economic and environmental efficiency. And high transport tariffs for the delivery of energy carriers and frequent accidents on heating mains exacerbate the negative factors inherent in traditional district heating. One of the most effective energy-saving methods that make it possible to save fossil fuel, reduce environmental pollution, and meet the needs of consumers in process heat is the use of heat pump technologies for heat production.

Protein supplementation of silage for ewes in late pregnancy

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 47-47
Author(s):  
J.E. Vipond ◽  
M. Lewis ◽  
G.M. Povey
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The Uk

Ewes fed good quality grass silage need low levels (0.4-0.6 kg/d) of concentrate supplement to satisfy energy requirements in late pregnancy. However, the UK Metabolisable Protein (MP) system predicts that using a low level of a typical 180 g/kg crude protein (CP) compound will result in an undersupply of MP and therefore a higher digestible undegradable protein (DUP) content of compounds is required. Although the benefits of supplying additional DUP to lactating ewes are well established there is little or no experimental evidence to support the practice of supplementing silage based diets with supplementary DUP. The objective of the experiment was to evaluate the response to supplementary DUP in silage based diets.One hundred and twenty five scanned Scotch Mule ewes were synchronised, mated to Texel rams and allocated to 5 treatments balanced for liveweight, condition score, litter size, and parity. Five supplements were formulated to supply varying amounts of DUP and eRDP.

Effects of Plane of Nutrition on Organ Size and Fasting Heat Production in Pigs

1982 ◽  
Vol 112 (8) ◽  
pp. 1638-1642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling-Jung Koong ◽  
John A. Nienaber ◽  
Jerome C. Pekas ◽  
Jong-Tseng Yen
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Organ Size ◽  
Fasting Heat Production
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