scholarly journals Stereology and three-dimensional reconstructions to analyze the pulmonary vasculature

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Mühlfeld
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Lung Diseases ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Pulmonary Vasculature ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Micro Computed Tomography ◽  
Arterial Tree

AbstractThe pulmonary vasculature consists of a large arterial and venous tree with a vast alveolar capillary network (ACN) in between. Both conducting blood vessels and the gas-exchanging capillaries are part of important human lung diseases, including bronchopulmonary dysplasia, pulmonary hypertension and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Morphological tools to investigate the different parts of the pulmonary vasculature quantitatively and in three dimensions are crucial for a better understanding of the contribution of the blood vessels to the pathophysiology and effects of lung diseases. In recent years, new stereological methods and imaging techniques have expanded the analytical tool box and therefore the conclusive power of morphological analyses of the pulmonary vasculature. Three of these developments are presented and discussed in this review article, namely (1) stereological quantification of the number of capillary loops, (2) serial block-face scanning electron microscopy of the ACN and (3) labeling of branching generations in light microscopic sections based on arterial tree segmentations of micro-computed tomography data sets of whole lungs. The implementation of these approaches in research work requires expertise in lung preparation, multimodal imaging at different scales, an advanced IT infrastructure and expertise in image analysis. However, they are expected to provide important data that cannot be obtained by previously existing methodology.

scholarly journals Combination of µCT and light microscopy for generation-specific stereological analysis of pulmonary arterial branches: a proof-of-concept study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman Grothausmann ◽  
Jonas Labode ◽  
Pablo Hernandez-Cerdan ◽  
David Haberthür ◽  
Ruslan Hlushchuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Pulmonary Vasculature ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Micro Computed Tomography ◽  
Vascular Perfusion ◽  
Arterial Tree ◽  
Color Code ◽  
Rabbit Lung ◽  
Stereological Analysis

AbstractVarious lung diseases, including pulmonary hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or bronchopulmonary dysplasia, are associated with structural and architectural alterations of the pulmonary vasculature. The light microscopic (LM) analysis of the blood vessels is limited by the fact that it is impossible to identify which generation of the arterial tree an arterial profile within a LM microscopic section belongs to. Therefore, we established a workflow that allows for the generation-specific quantitative (stereological) analysis of pulmonary blood vessels. A whole left rabbit lung was fixed by vascular perfusion, embedded in glycol methacrylate and imaged by micro-computed tomography (µCT). The lung was then exhaustively sectioned and 20 consecutive sections were collected every 100 µm to obtain a systematic uniform random sample of the whole lung. The digital processing involved segmentation of the arterial tree, generation analysis, registration of LM sections with the µCT data as well as registration of the segmentation and the LM images. The present study demonstrates that it is feasible to identify arterial profiles according to their generation based on a generation-specific color code. Stereological analysis for the first three arterial generations of the monopodial branching of the vasculature included volume fraction, total volume, lumen-to-wall ratio and wall thickness for each arterial generation. In conclusion, the correlative image analysis of µCT and LM-based datasets is an innovative method to assess the pulmonary vasculature quantitatively.

The Use and Refinement of Neutron Imaging Techniques for Archaeological Artifacts

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-103
Author(s):  
Krysta Ryzewski ◽  
Hassina Z. Bilheux ◽  
Susan N. Herringer ◽  
Jean-Christophe Bilheux ◽  
Lakeisha Walker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Materials Science ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
National Laboratory ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Neutron Imaging ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Imaging Data ◽  
Oak Ridge ◽  
Dual Objectives ◽  
Archaeological Objects

AbstractNeutron imaging is a nondestructive application capable of producing two- and three-dimensional maps of archaeological objects’ external and internal structure, properties, and composition. This report presents the recent development of neutron imaging data collection and processing methods at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), which have been advanced, in part, by information gathered from the experimental imaging of 25 archaeological objects over the past three years. The dual objectives of these imaging experiments included (1) establishing the first methodological procedures for the neutron imaging of archaeomaterials involving the CG-1D beamline and (2) further illustrating the potential of neutron imaging for archaeologists to use in the reverse engineering of ancient and historical objects. Examples of objects imaged in two and three dimensions are provided to highlight the application’s strengths and limitations for archaeological investigations, especially those that address ancient and historic technologies, materials science, and conservation issues.

scholarly journals Masticatory biomechanics in the rabbit: a multi-body dynamics analysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (99) ◽  
pp. 20140564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Watson ◽  
Flora Gröning ◽  
Neil Curtis ◽  
Laura C. Fitton ◽  
Anthony Herrel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Micro Computed Tomography ◽  
Body Dynamics ◽  
Masticatory System ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
Muscle Activations ◽  
Multi Body

Multi-body dynamics is a powerful engineering tool which is becoming increasingly popular for the simulation and analysis of skull biomechanics. This paper presents the first application of multi-body dynamics to analyse the biomechanics of the rabbit skull. A model has been constructed through the combination of manual dissection and three-dimensional imaging techniques (magnetic resonance imaging and micro-computed tomography). Individual muscles are represented with multiple layers, thus more accurately modelling muscle fibres with complex lines of action. Model validity was sought through comparing experimentally measured maximum incisor bite forces with those predicted by the model. Simulations of molar biting highlighted the ability of the masticatory system to alter recruitment of two muscle groups, in order to generate shearing or crushing movements. Molar shearing is capable of processing a food bolus in all three orthogonal directions, whereas molar crushing and incisor biting are predominately directed vertically. Simulations also show that the masticatory system is adapted to process foods through several cycles with low muscle activations, presumably in order to prevent rapidly fatiguing fast fibres during repeated chewing cycles. Our study demonstrates the usefulness of a validated multi-body dynamics model for investigating feeding biomechanics in the rabbit, and shows the potential for complementing and eventually reducing in vivo experiments.

scholarly journals A new magnetic resonance-based technique for high-resolution quantification of amorphous and quasi-amorphous structures

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (123) ◽  
pp. 20160589
Author(s):  
James Rafferty ◽  
Lance Farr ◽  
Tim James ◽  
David Chase ◽  
John Heinrich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Micro Computed Tomography ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Biological Structures ◽  
The One

We present a novel, high-resolution magnetic resonance technique, fine structure analysis (FSA) for the quantification and analysis of amorphous and quasi-amorphous biological structures. The one-dimensional technique is introduced mathematically and then applied to one simulated phantom, two physical phantoms and a set of ex vivo biological samples, scanned with interpoint spacings of 0.0038–0.195 mm and cross-sectional sizes of 3 × 3 or 5 × 5 mm. The simulated phantom and one of the physical phantoms consists of randomly arranged beads of known size in two and three dimensions, respectively. The second physical phantom was constructed by etching lines on Perspex. The ex vivo samples are human bone specimens. We show that for all three phantoms, the FSA technique is able to elucidate the average spacing of the structures present within each sample using structural spectroscopy, the smallest of which was 180 µm in size. We further show that in samples of trabecular bone, FSA is able to produce comparable results to micro-computed tomography, the current gold standard for measuring bone microstructure, but without the need for ionizing radiation. Many biological structures are too small to be captured by conventional, clinically deployed medical imaging techniques. FSA has the potential for use in the analysis of pathologies where such small-scale repeating structures are disrupted or their size, and spacing is otherwise altered.

scholarly journals COPD beyond proximal bronchial obstruction: phenotyping and related tools at the bedside

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (152) ◽  
pp. 190010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thibaut Capron ◽  
Arnaud Bourdin ◽  
Thierry Perez ◽  
Pascal Chanez
Keyword(s):  
Secretory Protein ◽  
Pulmonary Vasculature ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Bronchial Obstruction ◽  
Forced Oscillation Technique ◽  
Small Airways ◽  
Micro Computed Tomography ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterised by nonreversible proximal bronchial obstruction leading to major respiratory disability. However, patient phenotypes better capture the heterogeneously reported complaints and symptoms of COPD. Recent studies provided evidence that classical bronchial obstruction does not properly reflect respiratory disability, and symptoms now form the new paradigm for assessment of disease severity and guidance of therapeutic strategies. The aim of this review was to explore pathways addressing COPD pathogenesis beyond proximal bronchial obstruction and to highlight innovative and promising tools for phenotyping and bedside assessment. Distal small airways imaging allows quantitative characterisation of emphysema and functional air trapping. Micro-computed tomography and parametric response mapping suggest small airways disease precedes emphysema destruction. Small airways can be assessed functionally using nitrogen washout, probing ventilation at conductive or acinar levels, and forced oscillation technique. These tests may better correlate with respiratory symptoms and may well capture bronchodilation effects beyond proximal obstruction.Knowledge of inflammation-based processes has not provided well-identified targets so far, and eosinophils probably play a minor role. Adaptative immunity or specific small airways secretory protein may provide new therapeutic targets. Pulmonary vasculature is involved in emphysema through capillary loss, microvascular lesions or hypoxia-induced remodelling, thereby impacting respiratory disability.

scholarly journals Three-dimensional ultrastructural imaging reveals the nanoscale architecture of mammalian cells

IUCrJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shengkun Yao ◽  
Jiadong Fan ◽  
Zhiyun Chen ◽  
Yunbing Zong ◽  
Jianhua Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Antitumour Activity ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Quantitative Imaging ◽  
Intracellular Localization ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Whole Cells ◽  
Large Size

Knowledge of the interactions between nanomaterials and large-size mammalian cells, including cellular uptake, intracellular localization and translocation, has greatly advanced nanomedicine and nanotoxicology. Imaging techniques that can locate nanomaterials within the structures of intact large-size cells at nanoscale resolution play crucial roles in acquiring this knowledge. Here, the quantitative imaging of intracellular nanomaterials in three dimensions was performed by combining dual-energy contrast X-ray microscopy and an iterative tomographic algorithm termed equally sloped tomography (EST). Macrophages with a size of ∼20 µm that had been exposed to the potential antitumour agent [Gd@C82(OH)22]nwere investigated. Large numbers of nanoparticles (NPs) aggregated within the cell and were mainly located in phagosomes. No NPs were observed in the nucleus. Imaging of the nanomedicine within whole cells advanced the understanding of the high-efficiency antitumour activity and the low toxicity of this agent. This imaging technique can be used to probe nanomaterials within intact large-size cells at nanometre resolution uniformly in three dimensions and may greatly benefit the fields of nanomedicine and nanotoxicology.

scholarly journals Three-dimensional mobility and muscle attachments in the pectoral limb of the Triassic cynodontMassetognathus pascuali

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phil H. Lai ◽  
Andrew A. Biewener ◽  
Stephanie E. Pierce
Keyword(s):  
Body Wall ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
The Body ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Glenoid Fossa ◽  
Micro Computed Tomography ◽  
Skeletal Morphology ◽  
Shoulder Muscles ◽  
Maximum Range

ABSTRACTThe musculoskeletal configuration of the mammalian pectoral limb has been heralded as a key anatomical feature leading to the adaptive radiation of mammals, but limb function in the cynodont outgroup remains unresolved. Conflicting reconstructions of abducted and adducted posture are based on mutually-incompatible interpretations of ambiguous osteology. We reconstruct the pectoral limb of the Triassic non-mammalian cynodontMassetognathus pascualiin three dimensions, by combining skeletal morphology from micro-computed tomography with muscle anatomy from an extended extant phylogenetic bracket. Conservative tests of maximum range of motion suggest a degree of girdle mobility, as well as substantial freedom at the shoulder and the elbow joints. The glenoid fossa supports a neutral pose in which the distal end of the humerus points 45° posterolaterally from the body wall, intermediate between classically “sprawling” and “parasagittal” limb postures.Massetognathusis reconstructed as having a near-mammalian complement of shoulder muscles, including an incipient rotator cuff (m. subscapularis, m. infraspinatus, m. supraspinatus, and m. teres minor). Based on close inspection of the morphology of the glenoid fossa, we hypothesize a posture-driven scenario for the evolution of the therian ball-and-socket shoulder joint. The musculoskeletal reconstruction presented here provides the anatomical scaffolding for more detailed examination of locomotor evolution in the precursors to mammals.

scholarly journals Micro-CT for Biological and Biomedical Studies: A Comparison of Imaging Techniques

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 172
Author(s):  
Kleoniki Keklikoglou ◽  
Christos Arvanitidis ◽  
Georgios Chatzigeorgiou ◽  
Eva Chatzinikolaou ◽  
Efstratios Karagiannidis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Micro Ct ◽  
Micro Computed Tomography ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Great Resolution

Several imaging techniques are used in biological and biomedical studies. Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) is a non-destructive imaging technique that allows the rapid digitisation of internal and external structures of a sample in three dimensions and with great resolution. In this review, the strengths and weaknesses of some common imaging techniques applied in biological and biomedical fields, such as optical microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy, are presented and compared with the micro-CT technique through five use cases. Finally, the ability of micro-CT to create non-destructively 3D anatomical and morphological data in sub-micron resolution and the necessity to develop complementary methods with other imaging techniques, in order to overcome limitations caused by each technique, is emphasised.

Three-dimensional study of vestibular anatomy as it relates to the stapes footplate and its clinical implications: an augmented reality development

2019 ◽  
Vol 133 (03) ◽  
pp. 187-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Mukherjee ◽  
K Cheng ◽  
I Curthoys
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Augmented Reality ◽  
Surgical Intervention ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Micro Computed Tomography ◽  
Membranous Labyrinth ◽  
Stapes Footplate ◽  
Temporal Bones

AbstractBackgroundThe anatomy of the membranous labyrinth within the vestibule has direct implications for surgical intervention. The anatomy of the otoliths has been studied, but there is limited information regarding their supporting connective tissue structures such as the membrana limitans in humans.MethodsOne guinea pig and 17 cadaveric human temporal bones were scanned using micro computed tomography, after staining with 2 per cent osmium tetroxide and preservation with Karnovsky's solution, with a resolution from 1 µm to 55 µm. The data were analysed using VGStudio Max software, rendered in three-dimensions and published in augmented reality.ResultsIn 50 per cent of ears, the membrana limitans attached directly to the postero-superior part of the stapes footplate. If attachments were present in one ear, they were present bilaterally in 100 per cent of cases.ConclusionMicro computed tomography imaging allowed three-dimensional assessment of the inner ear. Such assessments are important as they influence the surgical intervention and the evolution of future innovations.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document