Three-dimensional study of vestibular anatomy as it relates to the stapes footplate and its clinical implications: an augmented reality development

2019 ◽  
Vol 133 (03) ◽  
pp. 187-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Mukherjee ◽  
K Cheng ◽  
I Curthoys
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Augmented Reality ◽  
Surgical Intervention ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Micro Computed Tomography ◽  
Membranous Labyrinth ◽  
Stapes Footplate ◽  
Temporal Bones

AbstractBackgroundThe anatomy of the membranous labyrinth within the vestibule has direct implications for surgical intervention. The anatomy of the otoliths has been studied, but there is limited information regarding their supporting connective tissue structures such as the membrana limitans in humans.MethodsOne guinea pig and 17 cadaveric human temporal bones were scanned using micro computed tomography, after staining with 2 per cent osmium tetroxide and preservation with Karnovsky's solution, with a resolution from 1 µm to 55 µm. The data were analysed using VGStudio Max software, rendered in three-dimensions and published in augmented reality.ResultsIn 50 per cent of ears, the membrana limitans attached directly to the postero-superior part of the stapes footplate. If attachments were present in one ear, they were present bilaterally in 100 per cent of cases.ConclusionMicro computed tomography imaging allowed three-dimensional assessment of the inner ear. Such assessments are important as they influence the surgical intervention and the evolution of future innovations.

Pore Structures in the Biomineralized Byssus of Anomia simplex

2016 ◽  
Vol 672 ◽  
pp. 71-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Frølich ◽  
Hanna Leemreize ◽  
Jesper Skovhus Thomsen ◽  
Henrik Birkedal
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Pore Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Marine Bivalve ◽  
Micro Computed Tomography ◽  
Significant Challenge ◽  
Pore Structures ◽  
Dimensional Distribution ◽  
Biological Organisms

Underwater attachment is a significant challenge, for which we have no good general solutions in our technology. Yet, a number of biological organisms have evolved solutions to this problem. One intriguing approach to underwater attachment is that of the marine bivalve mussel Anomia simplex that uses a biomineralized byssus to permanently anchor itself to substrates. The byssus has a highly complex hierarchical structure and contains over 90 wt% CaCO3. The byssus features a complex set of porosities, presumed to be highly important for the function of the attachment system. The pore space is the main focus of the present work. We characterize the three dimensional distribution of pore spaces in the byssus using micro-computed tomography (µCT) through a combination of in house mCT and high resolution synchrotron µCT. The pore structures are observed to fall into distinct categories in various parts of the byssus. We discuss the branching of one set of pores that reach the byssus substrate interface in particular. They form a network reaching the byssus surface that we now visualize in three dimensions.

scholarly journals Micro-computed tomography with contrast enhancement: An excellent technique for soft tissue examination in humans

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0254264
Author(s):  
Jehoon O. ◽  
Hyun-Jin Kwon ◽  
Tae-Hyeon Cho ◽  
Seung Hoon Woo ◽  
Yun-Hee Rhee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Nasolabial Fold ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Micro Computed Tomography ◽  
Structural Formation ◽  
Complex Structural ◽  
Tissue Specimens

Manual dissection and histologic examination are commonly used to investigate human structures, but there are limitations in the damage caused to delicate structures or the provision of limited information. Micro-computed tomography (microCT) enables a three-dimensional volume-rendered observation of the sample without destruction and deformation, but it can only visualize hard tissues in general. Therefore, contrast-enhancing agents are needed to help in visualizing soft tissue. This study aimed to introduce microCT with phosphotungstic acid preparation (PTA-microCT) by applying the method to different types of human tissue. Specimens from human cadavers were used to examine the orbicularis retaining ligament (ORL), nasolabial fold (NLF), and the calcaneal tunnel of the sole. Using PTA-microCT, relevant information of human structures was identified. In the ORL study, tiny and delicate ligamentous fibers were visualized in detail with multidirectional continuity. In the NLF study, complex structural formation consisting of various types of soft tissue were investigated comprehensively. In the calcaneal tunnel study, the space surrounded by diverse features and its inner vulnerable structures were examined without damage. Consequently, we successfully applied the PTA-microCT technique to the analysis of specific human soft tissue structures that are challenging to analyze by conventional methods.

Micro-Computed Tomography-Based Three-Dimensional Anatomical Structure of the Region Around the Pterygoid Hamulus

2021 ◽  
pp. 105566562110363
Author(s):  
Jiuli Zhao ◽  
Hengyuan Ma ◽  
Yongqian Wang ◽  
Tao Song ◽  
Chanyuan Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Anatomical Structure ◽  
Micro Computed Tomography ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Middle Ear Ventilation ◽  
Optimal Approach ◽  
Velopharyngeal Function

Objective Palatoplasty would involve the structures around the pterygoid hamulus. However, clinicians hold different opinions on the optimal approach for the muscles and palatine aponeurosis around the pterygoid hamulus. The absence of a consensus regarding this point can be attributed to the lack of investigations on the exact anatomy of this region. Therefore, we used micro-computed tomography to examine the anatomical structure of the region surrounding the pterygoid hamulus. Design Cadaveric specimens were stained with iodine–potassium iodide and scanned by micro-computed tomography to study the structures of the tissues, particularly the muscle fibers. We imported Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine images to Mimics to reconstruct a 3-dimensional model and simplified the model. Results Three muscles were present around the pterygoid hamulus, namely the palatopharyngeus (PP), superior constrictor (SC), and tensor veli palatini (TVP). The hamulus connects these muscles as a key pivot. The TVP extended to the palatine aponeurosis, which bypassed the pterygoid hamulus, and linked the PP and SC. Some muscle fibers of the SC originated from the hamulus, the aponeurosis of which was wrapped around the hamulus. There was a distinct gap between the pterygoid hamulus and the palatine aponeurosis. This formed a pulley-like structure around the pterygoid hamulus. Conclusions Transection or fracture of the palatine aponeurosis or pterygoid hamulus, respectively, may have detrimental effects on the muscles around the pterygoid hamulus, which play essential roles in the velopharyngeal function and middle ear ventilation. Currently, cleft palate repair has limited treatment options with proven successful outcomes.

scholarly journals Microstructural Observation with MicroCT and Histological Analysis of Human Alveolar Bone Biopsy from a Planned Implant Site: A Case Report

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emi Yamashita-Mikami ◽  
Mikako Tanaka ◽  
Naoki Sakurai ◽  
Kazuho Yamada ◽  
Hayato Ohshima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Alveolar Bone ◽  
Bone Biopsy ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Bone Sample ◽  
Biopsy Sample ◽  
Micro Computed Tomography ◽  
Metabolic Markers ◽  
Normal Ranges

The subject was a 53-year-old male. An alveolar bone sample was obtained from the site of the lower left first molar, before dental implant placement. Although the details of the trabecular structure were not visible with conventional computed tomography, micro-computed tomography (microCT) three-dimensional images of the alveolar bone biopsy sample showed several plate-like trabeculae extending from the lingual cortical bone. Histological observations of the bone sample revealed trabeculae, cuboidal osteoblasts, osteoclasts and hematopoietic cells existing in the bone tissue at the implantation site. Bone metabolic markers and calcaneal bone density were all within normal ranges, indicating no acceleration of the patient’s bone metabolism.Using microCT, and histological and histomorphometrical techniques, a great deal of valuable information about the bone tissue was obtained from a biopsy sample extracted from the patient’s planned implant site.

The Effect of Trabecular Bone on the Mechanical Response of Human Mandible with Implant

2014 ◽  
Vol 695 ◽  
pp. 588-591
Author(s):  
Khairul Salleh Basaruddin ◽  
Ruslizam Daud
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Trabecular Bone ◽  
Static Analysis ◽  
Load Distribution ◽  
Mechanical Response ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Fe Model ◽  
Micro Computed Tomography ◽  
Bone Specimen

This study aims to investigate the influence of trabecular bone in human mandible bone on the mechanical response under implant load. Three dimensional voxel finite element (FE) model of mandible bone was reconstructed from micro-computed tomography (CT) images that were captured from bone specimen. Two FE models were developed where the first consists of cortical bone, trabecular bone and implants, and trabecular bone part was excluded in the second model. A static analysis was conducted on both models using commercial software Voxelcon. The results suggest that trabecular bone contributed to the strength of human mandible bone and to the effectiveness of load distribution under implant load.

scholarly journals Immunofluorescence-guided segmentation of three-dimensional features in micro-computed tomography datasets of human lung tissue

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Lawson ◽  
Orestis L. Katsamenis ◽  
David Chatelet ◽  
Aiman Alzetani ◽  
Oliver Larkin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Lung Tissue ◽  
Human Lung ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Micro Computed Tomography ◽  
3D Segmentation ◽  
Human Lung Tissue ◽  
Formalin Fixed Paraffin ◽  
Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded ◽  
Formalin Fixed

Micro-computed tomography (µCT) provides non-destructive three-dimensional (3D) imaging of soft tissue microstructures. Specific features in µCT images can be identified using correlated two-dimensional (2D) histology images allowing manual segmentation. However, this is very time-consuming and requires specialist knowledge of the tissue and imaging modalities involved. Using a custom-designed µCT system optimized for imaging unstained formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded soft tissues, we imaged human lung tissue at isotropic voxel sizes less than 10 µm. Tissue sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin or cytokeratin 18 in columnar airway epithelial cells using immunofluorescence (IF), as an exemplar of this workflow. Novel utilization of tissue autofluorescence allowed automatic alignment of 2D microscopy images to the 3D µCT data using scripted co-registration and automated image warping algorithms. Warped IF images, which were accurately aligned with the µCT datasets, allowed 3D segmentation of immunoreactive tissue microstructures in the human lung. Blood vessels were segmented semi-automatically using the co-registered µCT datasets. Correlating 2D IF and 3D µCT data enables accurate identification, localization and segmentation of features in fixed soft lung tissue. Our novel correlative imaging workflow provides faster and more automated 3D segmentation of µCT datasets. This is applicable to the huge range of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues held in biobanks and archives.

Multiscale imaging of the rat brain using an integrated diceCT and histology workflow

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul M. Gignac ◽  
Haley D. O’Brien ◽  
Jimena Sanchez ◽  
Dolores Vazquez Sanroman
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Adolescent Male ◽  
Cresyl Violet ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Biomedical Sciences ◽  
Micro Computed Tomography ◽  
Computed Tomography Scanning ◽  
Neural Tissues

Abstract Advancements in tissue visualization techniques have spurred significant gains in the biomedical sciences by enabling researchers to integrate their datasets across anatomical scales. Of particular import are techniques that enable the interpolation of multiple hierarchical scales in samples taken from the same individuals. This study demonstrates that two-dimensional histology techniques can be employed on neural tissues following three-dimensional diffusible iodine-based contrast-enhanced computed tomography (diceCT) without causing tissue degradation. This represents the first step toward a multiscale pipeline for brain visualization. We studied brains from adolescent male Sprague-Dawley rats, comparing experimental (diceCT-stained then de-stained) to control (without diceCT) brains to evaluate neural tissues for immunolabeling integrity, compare somata sizes, and distinguish neurons from glial cells within the telencephalon and diencephalon. We hypothesized that if experimental and control samples do not differ significantly in quantitative metrics, brain tissues are robust to the chemical, temperature, and radiation environments required for these multiple, successive imaging protocols. Visualizations for experimental brains were first captured via micro-computed tomography scanning of isolated, iodine-infused specimens. Samples were then cleared of iodine, serially sectioned, and prepared again using immunofluorescent, fluorescent, and cresyl violet labeling, followed by imaging with confocal and light microscopy, respectively. Our results show that many neural targets are resilient to diceCT imaging and compatible with downstream histological staining as part of a low-cost, multiscale brain imaging pipeline.

scholarly journals Gold Exploration in Two and Three Dimensions: Improved and Correlative Insights from Microscopy and X-Ray Computed Tomography

Minerals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 476
Author(s):  
Joshua Chisambi ◽  
Bjorn von der Heyden ◽  
Muofhe Tshibalanganda ◽  
Stephan Le Roux
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Gold Mineralization ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
X Ray ◽  
3D Space ◽  
X Ray Computed ◽  
2D And 3D

In this contribution, we highlight a correlative approach in which three-dimensional structural/positional data are combined with two dimensional chemical and mineralogical data to understand a complex orogenic gold mineralization system; we use the Kirk Range (southern Malawi) as a case study. Three dimensional structures and semi-quantitative mineral distributions were evaluated using X-ray Computed Tomography (XCT) and this was augmented with textural, mineralogical and chemical imaging using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy as well as fire assay. Our results detail the utility of the correlative approach both for quantifying gold concentrations in core samples (which is often nuggety and may thus be misrepresented by quarter- or half-core assays), and for understanding the spatial distribution of gold and associated structures and microstructures in 3D space. This approach overlays complementary datasets from 2D and 3D analytical protocols, thereby allowing a better and more comprehensive understanding on the distribution and structures controlling gold mineralization. Combining 3D XCT analyses with conventional 2D microscopies derive the full value out of a given exploration drilling program and it provides an excellent tool for understanding gold mineralization. Understanding the spatial distribution of gold and associated structures and microstructures in 3D space holds vast potential for exploration practitioners, especially if the correlative approach can be automated and if the resultant spatially-constrained microstructural information can be fed directly into commercially available geological modelling software. The extra layers of information provided by using correlative 2D and 3D microscopies offer an exciting new tool to enhance and optimize mineral exploration workflows, given that modern exploration efforts are targeting increasingly complex and low-grade ore deposits.

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