scholarly journals Glandular trichomes of Robinia viscosa Vent. var. hartwigii (Koehne) Ashe (Faboideae, Fabaceae)—morphology, histochemistry and ultrastructure

Planta ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 252 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Agata Konarska ◽  
Barbara Łotocka
Keyword(s):  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Polyphenol Compounds ◽  
Urban Greenery ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Secretory Products ◽  
Subcuticular Space ◽  
First Time ◽  
Anatomy And Ultrastructure

Abstract Main Conclusion Permanent glandular trichomes of Robinia viscosa var. hartwigii produce viscous secretion containing several secondary metabolites, as lipids, mucilage, flavonoids, proteins and alkaloids. Abstract Robinia viscosa var. hartwigii (Hartweg’s locust) is an ornamental tree with high apicultural value. It can be planted in urban greenery and in degraded areas. The shoots, leaves, and inflorescences of this plant are equipped with numerous persistent glandular trichomes producing sticky secretion. The distribution, origin, development, morphology, anatomy, and ultrastructure of glandular trichomes of Hartweg's locust flowers as well as the localisation and composition of their secretory products were investigated for the first time. To this end, light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy combined with histochemical and fluorescence techniques were used. The massive glandular trichomes differing in the distribution, length, and stage of development were built of a multicellular and multiseriate stalk and a multicellular head. The secretory cells in the stalk and head had large nuclei with nucleoli, numerous chloroplasts with thylakoids and starch grains, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum profiles, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, and multivesicular bodies. Many vacuoles contained phenolic compounds dissolved or forming various condensed deposits. The secretion components were transported through symplast elements, and the granulocrine and eccrine modes of nectar secretion were observed. The secretion was accumulated in the subcuticular space at the trichome apex and released through a pore in the cuticle. Histochemical and fluorescence assays showed that the trichomes and secretion contained lipophilic and polyphenol compounds, polysaccharides, proteins, and alkaloids. We suggest that these metabolites may serve an important function in protection of plants against biotic stress conditions and may also be a source of phytopharmaceuticals in the future.

Structure, function and secretory products of the peltate glands of Centrolobium tomentosum (Fabaceae, Faboideae)

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esmeire Cruz Matos ◽  
Élder Antônio Sousa Paiva
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Secretory Product ◽  
Vegetative Organs ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Histochemical Tests ◽  
Glandular Structures ◽  
Secretory Products ◽  
Development Structure ◽  
Structure And Ultrastructure

The glandular structures of Centrolobium tomentosum Guill. ex Benth. have been little studied despite the economic importance of this species. We describe here the distribution, development, structure and ultrastructure of the secretory cells of the peltate glands found on the vegetative organs of this species. Stem apices and leaves in various stages of development were collected and prepared for examination by light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Chemical analyses and conventional histochemical tests to determine the chemical nature of the secretory products were also carried out. Peltate glands occur on aerial vegetative organs during their primary growth stage. These trichomes are structurally stable, persisting throughout the development of the organ. During the initial stages of the gland development, cell separation creates a central space that expands as secretions accumulate. Maximum secretion rates occur during this phase and the secreting cells characteristically have well developed smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, and high numbers of plastids and mitochondria. During the later stages of the secretory phase, the central cells show symptoms of cell death and are incorporated in to the secretions. At trichome maturity, the central space is delimited by a uniseriate epithelium. In addition to the resin, which is the main secretory product, an extensive three-dimensional carbohydrate matrix was observed that extended throughout the central space, apparently giving support to the resin droplets. The terpenic nature of the secretion was confirmed by thin-layer chromatography. Given the terpenic nature of the secretion and the permanence of trichomes throughout all phases of leaf development, it is postulated that the resin-secreting trichomes act to protect the plant against herbivores.

scholarly journals Taxonomic traits in the microstructure of flowers of parasitic Orobanche picridis with particular emphasis on secretory structures

PROTOPLASMA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 257 (1) ◽  
pp. 299-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agata Konarska ◽  
Piotr Chmielewski
Keyword(s):  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
Phenotypic Variability ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Secretory Structures ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Root Parasite ◽  
Bright Field Microscopy ◽  
High Level ◽  
First Time

Abstract Orobanche picridis is an obligate root parasite devoid of chlorophyll in aboveground organs, which infects various Picris species. Given the high level of phenotypic variability of the species, the considerable limitation of the number of taxonomically relevant traits (mainly in terms of generative elements), and the low morphological variation between species, Orobanche is regarded as one of the taxonomically most problematic genera. This study aimed to analyse the taxonomic traits of O. picridis flowers with the use of stereoscopic and bright-field microscopy as well as fluorescence, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. The micromorphology of sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils was described. For the first time, the anatomy of parasitic Orobanche nectaries and the ultrastructure of nectaries and glandular trichomes were presented. Special attention was paid to the distribution and types of glandular and non-glandular trichomes as well as the types of metabolites contained in these structures. It was demonstrated that the nectary gland was located at the base of the gynoecium and nectar was secreted through modified nectarostomata. The secretory parenchyma cells contained nuclei, large amyloplasts with starch granules, mitochondria, and high content of endoplasmic reticulum profiles. Nectar was transported via symplastic and apoplastic routes. The results of histochemical assays and fluorescence tests revealed the presence of four groups of metabolites, i.e. polyphenols (tannins, flavonoids), lipids (acidic and neutral lipids, essential oil, sesquiterpenes, steroids), polysaccharides (acidic and neutral polysaccharides), and alkaloids, in the trichomes located on perianth elements and stamens.

scholarly journals Micromorphology of flowers, anatomy and ultrastructure of Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rausch. (Asteraceae) nectary

2012 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 23-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aneta Sulborska
Keyword(s):  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Apical Part ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Cell Layers ◽  
Palisade Cells ◽  
Subcuticular Space ◽  
Nectariferous Tissue

Investigations of the micromorphology of flowers and the structure of nectaries in <i>Chamomilla recutita</i> L. (Rausch.) were carried out with the use of stereoscopic, light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Biseriate glandular trichomes consisting of 5-6 cell layers were found on the surface of the corollas of ray and disc florets. Accumulation of secretion within the subcuticular space was accompanied by degradation of trichome cells. Secretion release followed rupture of the cuticle in the apical part of the trichome. The ovary of the ray florets exhibited characteristic ribs covered with epidermis composed of radially elongated palisade cells. Nectariferous glands were present only in the disc florets. The ring-like nectary (93 × 163 µm; height × diameter) was located above the inferior ovary. The gland structure was formed by single-layer epidermis and 5-8 layers of specialised nectariferous parenchyma. Nectar was released via modified 15-20 µm wide stomata. The guard cells were slightly elevated above the surface of the other epidermal cells or were located slightly below them. The stomatal cells were characterised by small external and internal cuticular ledges. No vascular bundles were observed in the nectary. The gland was supplied by branches of vascular bundles reaching the style and ending at the nectary base. The nectariferous tissue was formed by isodiametric cells with a diameter of 11-20 µm. The cell interior was filled with electron dense cytoplasm containing a large nucleus, numerous pleomorphic plastids, mitochondria with a distinct system of cristae, Golgi bodies, ER profiles, and ribosomes. The plastid stroma was characterised by presence of pastoglobuli, intraplastid tubules, and lighter zones. Several small vacuoles were found in each cell. Plasmodesmata were visible in the walls of some cells. Lighter periplasmic space in which apoplastic transport of nectar might take place was observed between the plasmalemma and the cell wall. The presence of an osmiophilic substance in the intercellular spaces additionally corroborates this assumption.

scholarly journals Structure and distribution of glandular and non-glandular trichomes on above-ground organs in Inula helenium L. (Asteraceae)

2014 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 25-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aneta Sulborska
Keyword(s):  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Apical Cell ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Basal Cells ◽  
Inula Helenium ◽  
Apical Cells ◽  
Histochemical Tests ◽  
Lower Height ◽  
Subcuticular Space

Micromorphology and distribution of glandular and non-glandular trichomes on the above-ground organs of <em>Inula helenium </em>L. were investigated using light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Two types of biseriate glandular trichomes, i.e. sessile and stalk hairs, and non-glandular trichomes were recorded. Sessile glandular trichomes were found on all examined <em>I. helenium </em>organs (with their highest density on the abaxial surface of leaves and disk florets, and on stems), whereas stalk glandular trichomes were found on leaves and stems. Sessile trichomes were characterised by a slightly lower height (58–103 μm) and width (32–35 μm) than the stalk trichomes (62–111 μm x 31–36 μm). Glandular hairs were composed of 5–7 (sessile trichomes) or 6–9 (stalk trichomes) cell tiers. Apical trichome cell tiers exhibited features of secretory cells. Secretion was accumulated in subcuticular space, which expanded and ruptured at the top, and released its content. Histochemical assays showed the presence of lipids and polyphenols, whereas no starch was detected. Non-glandular trichomes were seen on involucral bracts, leaves and stems (more frequently on involucral bracts). Their structure comprised 2–9 cells; basal cells (1–6) were smaller and linearly arranged, while apical cells had a prozenchymatous shape. The apical cell was the longest and sharply pointed. Applied histochemical tests revealed orange-red (presence of lipids) and brow colour (presence of polyphenols) in the apical cells of the trichomes. This may suggest that beside their protective role, the trichomes may participate in secretion of secondary metabolites.

Glandular trichomes on the inflorescence of Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. Dramatic (Compositae). II. Ultrastructure and histochemistry

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (7) ◽  
pp. 714-729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet Vermeer ◽  
R. L. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Chrysanthemum Morifolium ◽  
Primary Cell Wall ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Anticlinal Division ◽  
Subcuticular Space ◽  
Flocculent Material ◽  
Cell Wall Ingrowths ◽  
Cellular Lysis

Glandular trichomes on the inflorescence of Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. Dramatic are initiated from a single epidermal cell outgrowth and develop through an anticlinal division and a series of periclinal divisions to form a biseriate multicellular structure. Cells of the young trichome contain a large nucleus with prominent nucleoli and few small cellular organelles. Prior to the secretory stage, numerous ribosomes, polyribosomes, and dictyosomes are present in a dense cytoplasm but most of the dictyosomes are lost as secretion commences. Plastids in the stalk cells senesce but in a different manner than those in the upper tiers of secretory cells. Lipoidal substances form in the degenerating plastids. Cell wall ingrowths and the deposition of a flocculent material in the primary cell wall characterize secretory hairs. In very old hairs cellular lysis takes place with mitochondria being the last cellular organelle to remain intact. The secreted material, which collects in a subcuticular space, appears to be a terpenoid. The function of this material is not known.

Carpellary appendages in Nymphaea and Victoria (Nymphaeaceae): evidence of their role as osmophores based on morphology, anatomy and ultrastructure

2019 ◽  
Vol 191 (4) ◽  
pp. 421-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucía Melisa Zini ◽  
Beatriz Gloria Galati ◽  
Marina Gotelli ◽  
Gabriela Zarlavsky ◽  
María Silvia Ferrucci
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cues ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Outer Cell ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Nocturnal Species ◽  
Anatomy And Ultrastructure ◽  
Diurnal Species ◽  
Outer Cell Wall ◽  
Amorphous Substances

Abstract In flowers of Nymphaea and Victoria, carpellary appendages are regarded as structures related to pollination by deceit of night-blooming species. In this study, the anatomy, histochemistry and ultrastructure of carpellary appendages were analysed to investigate their possible role in the production of volatile compounds in nocturnal species Nymphaea amazonum, N. gardneriana, N. prolifera (Nymphaea subgenus Hydrocallis) and Victoria cruziana, and in diurnal species N. caerulea (Nymphaea subgenus Brachyceras). Carpellary appendages were studied using light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy from pre-anthesis to the second day of anthesis. Anatomical and ultrastructural features are characteristic of osmophores. In all species, the most frequent components in secretory cells are amyloplasts, lipid bodies, mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum and elaioplasts. The epidermis and multilayered parenchyma accumulate abundant starch grains and lipophilic substances, both of which vanish during anthesis. Amorphous substances are deposited between the plasmalemma and the outer cell wall of epidermal cells, and are then released by cuticular diffusion. Odour production in carpellary appendages might be an ancient role of primary importance both in diurnal and nocturnal species that are pollinated by deceit. Olfactory and visual cues of small carpellary appendages in Nymphaea subgenus Brachyceras correspond to bee pollination, and large carpellary appendages in subgenus Hydrocallis and Victoria represent parallel functional specializations of the flowers to the attraction and reward for exclusive beetle pollination.

scholarly journals Histochemical Assays of Secretory Trichomes and the Structure and Content of Selected Components in Rubus Idaeus L. Leaves

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirosława Chwil ◽  
Mikołaj Kostryco
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Epidermis Ultrastructure ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
Herbal Mixtures ◽  
Anatomy And Ultrastructure

Leaves of Rubus idaeus are a raw material, ingredients of herbal blend and a source of antioxidants. There are no data concerning histochemistry of trichomes and little is known about the leaves structure of this species. The aim of this study was to determine the histochemistry of active compounds and the structure of glandular trichomes, micromorphology, anatomy and ultrastructure of leaves as well as content of elements. To determine the histochemistry of glandular trichomes different chemical compounds were used. The leaves structure was analysed using light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopes. The content of elements was determined with atomic absorption spectrometry and the microanalysis of the epidermis ultrastructure was carried out with transmission electron microscope equipped with a digital X-ray analyser. In glandular trichomes: polyphenols, terpenes, lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates were identified. The main elements in the ultrastructure of the epidermis were: Na, S, Ca, Mg, B, Mo, and Se. In dry matter of leaves K, Mg, Ca, P, and Fe were dominant. Infusions from leaves are safe for health in terms of the Cd and Pb concentrations. Leaves can be a valuable raw material. Non-glandular trichomes prevent clumping of mixed raw materials in herbal mixtures.

Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy of the Endometrium in Women with Ovarian Dysgenesis (Turner'S Syndrome)

1976 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 148-149
Author(s):  
A. González-Angulo ◽  
S. Armendares-Sagrera ◽  
I. Ruíz de Chávez ◽  
H. Marquez-Monter ◽  
R. Aznar
Keyword(s):  
Surface Epithelium ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Turner's Syndrome ◽  
Ciliated Cells ◽  
Turner’S Syndrome ◽  
Exogenous Hormone ◽  
Ovarian Dysgenesis ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Normal Women ◽  
Microscopy Examination

It is a well documented fact that endometrial hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma may develop in women with Turner's syndrome who had received unopposed estrogen treatment (1), as well as in normal women under contraceptive medication with the sequential regime (2). The purpose of the present study was to characterize the possible changes in surface and glandular epithelium in these women who were treated with a sequential regime for a period of between three and eight years. The aim was to find organelle modifications which may lead to the understanding of the biology of an endometrium under exogenous hormone stimulation. Light microscopy examination of endometrial biopsies of nine patients disclosed a proliferative pattern; in two of these, there was focal hyperplasia. With the scanning electron microscope the surface epithelium in all biopsies showed secretory cells with microvilli alternating with non secretory ciliated cells. Regardless of the day of the cycle all biopsies disclosed a large number of secretory cells rich in microvilli (fig.l) with long and slender projections some of which were branching (fig. 2).

A Novel TEM Technique for Characterizing As-Grown CVD Diamond Films

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 956-957 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z.L. Wang ◽  
J. Bentley ◽  
R.E. Clausing ◽  
L. Heatherly ◽  
L.L. Horton
Keyword(s):  
Diamond Films ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Growth Direction ◽  
Dark Field ◽  
Growth Surface ◽  
Specimen Preparation ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
First Time ◽  
Microstructural Studies

Microstructural studies by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of diamond films grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) usually involve tedious specimen preparation. This process has been avoided with a technique that is described in this paper. For the first time, thick as-grown diamond films have been examined directly in a conventional TEM without thinning. With this technique, the important microstructures near the growth surface have been characterized. An as-grown diamond film was fractured on a plane containing the growth direction. It took about 5 min to prepare a sample. For TEM examination, the film was tilted about 30-45° (see Fig. 1). Microstructures of the diamond grains on the top edge of the growth face can be characterized directly by transmitted electron bright-field (BF) and dark-field (DF) images and diffraction patterns.

Ultrastructural studies of the relationship between actin filaments and secretory granules

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 458-459
Author(s):  
Ellen Holm Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Colloidal Gold ◽  
Actin Filaments ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Ultrastructural Studies ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Granule Membrane ◽  
Ultrathin Sections ◽  
Lowicryl K4m

In secretory cells a dense and complex network of actin filaments is seen in the subplasmalemmal space attached to the cell membrane. During exocytosis this network is undergoing a rearrangement facilitating access of granules to plasma membrane in order that fusion of the membranes can take place. A filamentous network related to secretory granules has been reported, but its structural organization and composition have not been examined, although this network may be important for exocytosis.Samples of peritoneal mast cells were frozen at -70°C and thawed at 4°C in order to rupture the cells in such a gentle way that the granule membrane is still intact. Unruptured and ruptured cells were fixed in 2% paraformaldehyde and 0.075% glutaraldehyde, dehydrated in ethanol. For TEM (transmission electron microscopy) cells were embedded in Lowicryl K4M at -35°C and for SEM (scanning electron microscopy) they were placed on copper blocks, critical point dried and coated. For immunoelectron microscopy ultrathin sections were incubated with monoclonal anti-actin and colloidal gold labelled IgM. Ruptured cells were also placed on cover glasses, prefixed, and incubated with anti-actin and colloidal gold labelled IgM.

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