scholarly journals Histochemical Assays of Secretory Trichomes and the Structure and Content of Selected Components in Rubus Idaeus L. Leaves

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirosława Chwil ◽  
Mikołaj Kostryco
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Epidermis Ultrastructure ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
Herbal Mixtures ◽  
Anatomy And Ultrastructure

Leaves of Rubus idaeus are a raw material, ingredients of herbal blend and a source of antioxidants. There are no data concerning histochemistry of trichomes and little is known about the leaves structure of this species. The aim of this study was to determine the histochemistry of active compounds and the structure of glandular trichomes, micromorphology, anatomy and ultrastructure of leaves as well as content of elements. To determine the histochemistry of glandular trichomes different chemical compounds were used. The leaves structure was analysed using light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopes. The content of elements was determined with atomic absorption spectrometry and the microanalysis of the epidermis ultrastructure was carried out with transmission electron microscope equipped with a digital X-ray analyser. In glandular trichomes: polyphenols, terpenes, lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates were identified. The main elements in the ultrastructure of the epidermis were: Na, S, Ca, Mg, B, Mo, and Se. In dry matter of leaves K, Mg, Ca, P, and Fe were dominant. Infusions from leaves are safe for health in terms of the Cd and Pb concentrations. Leaves can be a valuable raw material. Non-glandular trichomes prevent clumping of mixed raw materials in herbal mixtures.

Low-Cost Synthesis and Morphology Control of Magnesium Oxysulfate Hydrate Whiskers

2014 ◽  
Vol 936 ◽  
pp. 986-991
Author(s):  
Chuan Hui Gao ◽  
Li Ding ◽  
Yu Min Wu ◽  
Chuan Xing Wang ◽  
Jun Xu
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Hydrothermal Process ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Selected Area Electron Diffraction ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Magnesium Oxysulfate

A low-cost raw material, bittern obtained from the production process of sea salt, was used to prepare magnesium oxysulfate hydrate (MgSO4·5Mg (OH)2·2H2O, abbreviated as 152MOS) whiskers via hydrothermal synthesis with ammonia and magnesium sulfate as the other starting raw materials. The bittern was firstly filtered and then used directly without de-coloring. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were employed to investigate the composition and morphology of the products. It was found that the 152MOS whiskers synthesized from bittern at 190°C for 3 hours exhibited fanlike morphology. The formation of the fanlike whiskers was inhibited and most of the whiskers presented as single fibers when ethanol was used as crystal control agent in the hydrothermal process. From the two-dimensional steps observed at tips of the whiskers, a possible growth mechanism was speculated that it was the extension of dislocations that made the growth of the whiskers.

scholarly journals Morphological and Chemical Traits as Quality Determinants of Common Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), on the Example of ‘Standard Winter’ Cultivar

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 909 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Kosakowska ◽  
Katarzyna Bączek ◽  
Jarosław L. Przybył ◽  
Anna Pawełczak ◽  
Katarzyna Rolewska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Rosmarinic Acid ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Intraspecific Variability ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Thymus Vulgaris ◽  
Chemical Characters

Common thyme is regarded as one of the most important culinary plants. The purpose of the work was to determine the intraspecific variability of common thyme with respect to morphological and chemical characters including the content and composition of essential oil and phenolic compounds in the herb. The objects of the study were 12 clones, vegetatively multiplied from randomly selected individual plants of cultivar ‘Standard Winter’. The morphological observations and harvest of raw materials were carried out in the first year plants’ vegetation. The highest differences between clones were on fresh and dry weight of herb (CV = 0.38 and 0.36, respectively), width of leaves (CV = 0.21), and density of glandular trichomes on the abaxial surface of leaves (CV = 0.29). Examined clones were also differentiated as to the chemical features. Essential oil content (performed by hydrodestillation) and composition (by GC-MS and GC-FID) were determined and they ranged from 2.10 to 4.38 g × 100 g−1 DW. Here, thymol, γ-terpinen, and p-cymen were the dominant compounds. Clone no. 4 was distinctive as to the highest content of essential oil followed by the highest share of thymol (54.59%). The total content of phenolic acids and flavonoids (determined according to PPh 6th) also differed among clones (CV = 0.38 and 0.36, respectively). Using a validated HPLC-DAD method, the following compounds were identified: caffeic, rosmarinic, p-coumaric acids, luteolin 7-O-glucoside, naryngenin, and (−)-epicatechin. Here, rosmarinic acid followed by luteolin 7-O-glucoside were present in the highest amounts (611.47–2675.59 and 46.77–325.11 mg × 100 g−1 DW, respectively). The highest differences between clones were the contents of p-coumaric acid (CV = 0.59), luteolin 7-O-glucoside (CV = 0.50) and rosmarinic acid (CV = 0.40). Such a high range of variability can provide problems with raw material standardization. Nevertheless, it opens possibilities for breeders, whereas individual plants/clones may become valuable components for breeding.

scholarly journals Modification of Three Types of Bentonite with Zirconium Oxide Chloride (ZOC) of Local Products Using Intercalation Process

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muzakky Muzakky ◽  
Supriyanto C
Keyword(s):  
Porous Material ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Energy Agency ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Intercalation Process ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
New Material ◽  
Process Product ◽  
Alkaline Earth Cations

Three types of bentonite modified with ZOC local products of Center for Accelerator Science and Technology-National Nuclear Energy Agency using intercalation process have been done. The purpose of this research is to create new material as a catalyst or industrial raw materials. Existance of chloride anion on the intercalation process product was releasing with water and titration using silver nitrate. The release of alkali and alkaline earth cations and Fe3+, Al3+ and Zn3+ into the water phase (WP) and the solids phase (SP) was detected by atomic absorption Spectrometry (AAS). While X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) was to observe of Zr intercalated to bentonite layer. Modificated products were form of a porous material and their measured as micro, meso and macro pores using Surface Area Analysis (SAA) and the image of the porous material was observed by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Intercalation process products obtained were porous materials with a porous size of 1.50-1.55 nm at bentonite-3 with a pore area of 2250 (m2/Å/g) and TEM image of the 50 nm was the most transparent among the others. As for the pores size of 1.60-1.97 nm to meso pores size of 2.0-50.0 nm were dominated by bentonite 2 with a maximum of pore 1250 (m2/Å/g). While the results of the TEM image of bentonite 2, although their porous degree were small they have the pores size distribution of 5.7% micro-pore, 52.5% meso-pore and 41.7% macro-pore.

Effect of Silicon Particle Size on Synthesis and Crystallinity of β-Silicon Carbide Particles

2014 ◽  
Vol 353 ◽  
pp. 239-243
Author(s):  
Woo Teck Kwon ◽  
Soo Ryong Kim ◽  
Young Hee Kim ◽  
Yoon Joo Lee ◽  
J.Y. Won ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Silicon Oxide ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Silicon Powder ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Sic Particles ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Silicon Carbide Particles ◽  
Carbide Particles ◽  
Silicon Particles

β-SiC particles were synthesized using silicon powder and carbon black at 1300°C. The effect of grinding the silicon powder raw material into smaller particles on the synthesis and crystallinity of the SiC particles was investigated. The size of the silicon particles decreased and the surface of the silicon particles increasingly oxidized into silicon oxide with increasing grinding time, thus decreasing the yield of SiC because of the higher SiO2 content in the ground silicon powder, since SiO2 transforms into SiC at a higher temperature than does silicon. Although the sizes of the silicon particles in the raw materials were different, all the synthesized SiC crystallites showed similar size. Transmission electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis showed that although most of the synthesized SiC particles were smaller than 100 nm, the primary SiC particles had aggregated, and some unreacted silicon was observed inside the large aggregated SiC particles.

scholarly journals Glandular trichomes of Robinia viscosa Vent. var. hartwigii (Koehne) Ashe (Faboideae, Fabaceae)—morphology, histochemistry and ultrastructure

Planta ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 252 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Agata Konarska ◽  
Barbara Łotocka
Keyword(s):  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Polyphenol Compounds ◽  
Urban Greenery ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Secretory Products ◽  
Subcuticular Space ◽  
First Time ◽  
Anatomy And Ultrastructure

Abstract Main Conclusion Permanent glandular trichomes of Robinia viscosa var. hartwigii produce viscous secretion containing several secondary metabolites, as lipids, mucilage, flavonoids, proteins and alkaloids. Abstract Robinia viscosa var. hartwigii (Hartweg’s locust) is an ornamental tree with high apicultural value. It can be planted in urban greenery and in degraded areas. The shoots, leaves, and inflorescences of this plant are equipped with numerous persistent glandular trichomes producing sticky secretion. The distribution, origin, development, morphology, anatomy, and ultrastructure of glandular trichomes of Hartweg's locust flowers as well as the localisation and composition of their secretory products were investigated for the first time. To this end, light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy combined with histochemical and fluorescence techniques were used. The massive glandular trichomes differing in the distribution, length, and stage of development were built of a multicellular and multiseriate stalk and a multicellular head. The secretory cells in the stalk and head had large nuclei with nucleoli, numerous chloroplasts with thylakoids and starch grains, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum profiles, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, and multivesicular bodies. Many vacuoles contained phenolic compounds dissolved or forming various condensed deposits. The secretion components were transported through symplast elements, and the granulocrine and eccrine modes of nectar secretion were observed. The secretion was accumulated in the subcuticular space at the trichome apex and released through a pore in the cuticle. Histochemical and fluorescence assays showed that the trichomes and secretion contained lipophilic and polyphenol compounds, polysaccharides, proteins, and alkaloids. We suggest that these metabolites may serve an important function in protection of plants against biotic stress conditions and may also be a source of phytopharmaceuticals in the future.

scholarly journals Microstructural and histochemical analysis of aboveground organs of Centaurea cyanus used in herbal medicine

PROTOPLASMA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 257 (1) ◽  
pp. 285-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weronika Haratym ◽  
Elżbieta Weryszko-Chmielewska ◽  
Agata Konarska
Keyword(s):  
Herbal Medicine ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Histochemical Analysis ◽  
Bioactive Substances ◽  
Secretory Structures ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Centaurea Cyanus ◽  
Heterogeneous Nature ◽  
Light Fluorescence

Abstract Centaurea cyanus L. is a valuable source of many different bioactive substances. It is used in herbal medicine, but the structure of its organs used as raw material and secretory tissues has been insufficiently examined. The aim of this paper was to investigate the microstructure of C. cyanus flowers, bracts, stems and leaves with particular emphasis on secretory structures. Moreover, the main classes of secondary metabolites present in the secretion were identified and the taxonomic value of some micromorphological and anatomical features was analysed. Histochemical, micromorphological and ultrastructural analyses of aboveground organs of C. cyanus were carried out using light, fluorescence, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The analyses revealed the presence of petal papillae and a characteristic cuticular pattern on the petals, stamens and stylar hairs. There were four types of non-glandular trichomes on the bracts, leaves and stem surfaces. The epidermal cells of the bracts contained prismatic calcium oxalate crystals. Two kinds of secretory structures, i.e. glandular trichomes and ducts, were observed in the C. cyanus organs. The glandular trichomes were located on the bract and stem surfaces, and the ducts were detected in the leaves and stems. Ultrastructural analyses of the epithelium of the ducts showed the presence of strongly osmiophilic insoluble phenolic material in vacuoles as well as moderately osmiophilic insoluble lipidic material in elaioplasts and vesicles. The results of histochemical assays showed a heterogeneous nature of the duct secretion, which contained essential oil, lipids, flavonoids, tannins and terpenes containing steroids.

MINERAL COMPOSITION OF THE PLANT ONOSMA GMELINII

2021 ◽  
pp. 71-74
Author(s):  
С.В. ШИЛОВ ◽  
Г.О. УСТЕНОВА ◽  
Л.Н. КИЕКБАЕВА ◽  
И.С. КОРОТЕЦКИЙ
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Mineral Composition ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Medical Field ◽  
Plant Raw Materials ◽  
Physicochemical Methods

Целью данной работы являлось изучение минерального состава надземной части и корня растения Onosma gmelinii. Количественное содержание минеральных элементов определяли методом атомно-абсорбционной спектрометрии на базе Центра физико-химических методов исследования и анализа. Концентрацию тяжелых металлов в растительном сырье определяли в ТОО «Нутритест». В результате исследования установлено, что элементный состав растения Onosma gmelinii включают 9 элементов. Анализ тяжелых металлов свидетельствует об экологической безопасности растительного сырья. Полученные данные позволяют утверждать о наличии значительного количества важных минеральных веществ в растении и перспективности использования данного сырья в медицине The goal of this work was to study the mineral composition of the aerial part and root of the plant Onosma gmelinii. The quantitative content of mineral elements was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry at the Center of Physicochemical Methods of Research and Analysis. The concentration of heavy metals in the plant raw material was determined at Nutritest LLP. As a result of the study, it was found that the elemental composition of the Onosma gmelinii plant includes 9 elements. Analysis of heavy metals evidences the environmental safety of plant raw materials. The data obtained allow us to assert the presence of a significant amount of essential minerals in the plant and the prospects for the use of this raw material in the medical field.

Two- or three-way observations of the identical cell elements within the same sections by LM, TEM and/or SEM

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nakazo Watari ◽  
Yasuaki Hotta ◽  
Yoshio Mabuchi
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Fine Structure ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Identical Cell ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
Scanning Electron

It is very useful if we can observe the identical cell elements within the same sections by light microscopy (LM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and/or scanning electron microscopy (SEM) sequentially, because, the cell fine structure can not be indicated by LM, while the color is; on the other hand, the cell fine structure can be very easily observed by EM, although its color properties may not. However, there is one problem in that LM requires thick sections of over 1 μm, while EM needs very thin sections of under 100 nm. Recently, we have developed a new method to observe the same cell elements within the same plastic sections using both light and transmission (conventional or high-voltage) electron microscopes.In this paper, we have developed two new observation methods for the identical cell elements within the same sections, both plastic-embedded and paraffin-embedded, using light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and/or scanning electron microscopy (Fig. 1).

Removing Substrate Background in TEM Microanalysis

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 568-569
Author(s):  
John C. Russ ◽  
Nicholas C. Barbi
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Organic Film ◽  
Absolute Concentration ◽  
Background Signal ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Elemental Concentrations ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
The Continuum

The rapid growth of interest in attaching energy-dispersive x-ray analysis systems to transmission electron microscopes has centered largely on microanalysis of biological specimens. These are frequently either embedded in plastic or supported by an organic film, which is of great importance as regards stability under the beam since it provides thermal and electrical conductivity from the specimen to the grid.Unfortunately, the supporting medium also produces continuum x-radiation or Bremsstrahlung, which is added to the x-ray spectrum from the sample. It is not difficult to separate the characteristic peaks from the elements in the specimen from the total continuum background, but sometimes it is also necessary to separate the continuum due to the sample from that due to the support. For instance, it is possible to compute relative elemental concentrations in the sample, without standards, based on the relative net characteristic elemental intensities without regard to background; but to calculate absolute concentration, it is necessary to use the background signal itself as a measure of the total excited specimen mass.

The Theoretical Contrast in Scanning and Conventional High Resolution Microscopes

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 170-171
Author(s):  
E. Zeitler ◽  
M. G. R. Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Small Volume ◽  
Volume Element ◽  
Optical Processing ◽  
Image Construction ◽  
Object Interaction ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
Optical Treatment ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
Intensity Contrast

In the formation of an image each small volume element of the object is correlated to an areal element in the image. The structure or detail of the object is represented by changes in intensity from element to element, and this variation of intensity (contrast) is determined by the interaction of the electrons with the specimen, and by the optical processing of the information-carrying electrons. Both conventional and scanning transmission electron microscopes form images which may be considered in this way, but the mechanism of image construction is very different in the two cases. Although the electron-object interaction is the same, the optical treatment differs.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document