scholarly journals GOALIATH: a theory of goal-directed behavior

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernhard Hommel
Keyword(s):  
Driving Forces ◽  
Action Selection ◽  
Action Control ◽  
Event File ◽  
Impact Action ◽  
Intentional Actions ◽  
Operational Characteristics ◽  
Different Origins ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Goal Directed Behavior

AbstractCommonsense and theorizing about action control agree in assuming that human behavior is (mainly) driven by goals, but no mechanistic theory of what goals are, where they come from, and how they impact action selection is available. Here I develop such a theory that is based on the assumption that GOALs guide Intentional Actions THrough criteria (GOALIATH). The theory is intended to be minimalist and parsimonious with respect to its assumptions, as transparent and mechanistic as possible, and it is based on representational assumptions provided by the Theory of Event Coding (TEC). It holds that goal-directed behavior is guided by selection criteria that activate and create competition between event files that contain action-effect codes matching one or more of the criteria—a competition that eventually settles into a solution favoring the best-matching event file. The criteria are associated with various sources, including biological drives, acquired needs (e.g., of achievement, power, or affiliation), and short-term, sometimes arbitrary, instructed aims. Action selection is, thus, a compromise that tries to satisfy various criteria related to different driving forces, which are also likely to vary in strength over time. Hence, what looks like goal-directed action emerges from, and represents an attempt to satisfy multiple constraints with different origins, purposes, operational characteristics, and timescales—which among other things does not guarantee a high degree of coherence or rationality of the eventual outcome. GOALIATH calls for a radical break with conventional theorizing about the control of goal-directed behavior, as it among other things questions existing cognitive-control theories and dual-route models of action control.

scholarly journals Psychological conditions for the prevention of recidivism

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-93
Author(s):  
A.V. Sechko
Keyword(s):  
Driving Forces ◽  
Delinquent Behavior ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Criminal Prosecution ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
Psychological Conditions ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Time Parameters ◽  
High Degree

The article analyzes the results of a study of recidivism conducted in England, Denmark, Canada, Nigeria, Portugal, New Zealand, the USA, and Scotland. Objective and subjective determinants have been identified that make it possible to predict with a high degree of probability the subsequent criminal prosecution violation, its time parameters. The psychological portrait of the recidivist is described, stress factors of delinquent behavior are revealed. The driving forces of decriminalization of former criminals are revealed. This is an intensive probationary period under the auspices of mentors who are able to build trusting relationships with parole through consistent, non-judgmental actions with the simultaneous possibility of playing the role of guardians of young people in difficult social and criminal settings in solving their economic problems.

scholarly journals Analysis of Volatile Components of Auricularia auricula from Different Origins by GC-MS Combined with Electronic Nose

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Lijun Fu ◽  
Gen Yang ◽  
Li Liu ◽  
Yongzheng Ma ◽  
Xiumin Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Electronic Nose ◽  
Relative Content ◽  
Volatile Components ◽  
Auricularia Auricula ◽  
Edible Fungus ◽  
Odor Activity Value ◽  
Diethyl Azodicarboxylate ◽  
Different Origins ◽  
High Degree

Auricularia auricula is a kind of nutrient-rich edible fungus, which has the reputation of “king of vegetarians.” In this paper, the electronic nose combined with GC-MS technology was used to analyze the volatile components of A. auricula in Heilongjiang, Jilin, Shanghai, and Sichuan provinces to investigate the differences and characteristics of A. auricula in different origins. The results showed that the electronic nose could obviously distinguish the samples from Jilin and Shanghai with a high degree of discrimination, while it was inappropriate to distinguish the samples from Heilongjiang and Sichuan Province. GC-MS was used to further analyze the volatile compounds in A. auricula qualitatively and quantitatively. The results showed that 98 volatile components were detected and 23 of them were common components, including alcohols, aldehydes, acids, esters, hydrocarbons, and other volatile components. The relative content of acetic acid and diethyl azodicarboxylate in A. auricula from the four origins was relatively high. According to the relative odor activity value (ROAV), it was found that the key compounds that caused the aroma difference between different origins were 1-octene-3-ol, cis-3-nonene-1-ol, (E)-2-octenal, (E)-2-nonenal, (E,E)-2,4-nonadienal, and 3-methyl butanal.

scholarly journals Monitoring and Updating of Action Selection for Goal-Directed Behavior through the Striatal Direct and Indirect Pathways

Neuron ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 99 (6) ◽  
pp. 1302-1314.e5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoshi Nonomura ◽  
Kayo Nishizawa ◽  
Yutaka Sakai ◽  
Yasuo Kawaguchi ◽  
Shigeki Kato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Action Selection ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Goal Directed Behavior

scholarly journals Human Development in Russia: Major Achievements and Threats

REGIONOLOGY ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 310-329
Author(s):  
Lyudmila N. Lipatova ◽  
Valentina N. Gradusova
Keyword(s):  
Human Development ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Human Potential ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Development Programs ◽  
Sharp Drop ◽  
Scientific Substantiation ◽  
High Level ◽  
High Degree

Introduction. A socially oriented state should strive to provide conditions for the harmonious development of its citizens. The solution of this task is often associated with a number of difficulties and threats, and therefore requires a detailed scientific substantiation. The purpose of this study is to trace the change in Russia’s position in world rankings in terms of humanitarian development, identify the main driving forces, problems and suggest ways to solve them. Materials and Methods. Data from the United Nations, Federal State Statistics Service of Russia and publications by scientists involved in the study of this problem were used as the materials for this research. The methods of demographic, economic and statistical analysis were employed. Results. The dynamics of the human potential of Russia has been characterized: in 2018, Russia first entered the group of countries with a very high level of human development. The main problems in human development in the Russian Federation have been identified: low standard of living, long-term permanent decline in real monetary incomes of Russians (2014–2018), a high degree of material inequality, low life expectancy of the population, high excess mortality of certain categories of the population, a sharp drop in the number of students enrolled in higher education programs (per 1,000). Discussion and Conclusion. In order to strengthen the human potential of Russia, it is necessary to concentrate efforts on overcoming supermortality, increasing productivity and the availability of quality education while reducing infant and maternal mortality, income inequality. The results of the study can be used by the authorities when planning and adjusting socio-economic development programs related to population management, to the organization of health care and education, and the fight against poverty.

The Social Role of University Entrepreneurship

2013 ◽  
pp. 103-119
Author(s):  
Carmen Paunescu ◽  
Ramona Cantaragiu
Keyword(s):  
Social Entrepreneurship ◽  
Social Transformation ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Academic Community ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Social Mission ◽  
The Social ◽  
High Degree

This chapter discusses the dimensions and characteristics of social entrepreneurship in universities and its role in developing sustainable communities. It argues that by building on social responsibility practices and creating an identity of a society-oriented university, one which is driven by a social mission and humanistic values and a sense of moral commitment to its communities, higher education institutions are more likely to succeed on the global market characterized by an increasing competition and a high degree of internationalization. Therefore, by understanding the driving forces which determine the social entrepreneurial behavior of the academic community, universities will be more successful in driving social transformation and achieving innovation. While the view of social entrepreneurship in university put forward in this chapter is far from complete, the authors see it as an important first step to enhance theoretical understanding of the phenomenon and facilitate future research.

Neurophysiology of Performance Monitoring and Adaptive Behavior

2014 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Ullsperger ◽  
Claudia Danielmeier ◽  
Gerhard Jocham
Keyword(s):  
Performance Monitoring ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Action Selection ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Control Loops ◽  
Psychological Theories ◽  
Adaptive Mechanisms ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Goal Directed Behavior

Successful goal-directed behavior requires not only correct action selection, planning, and execution but also the ability to flexibly adapt behavior when performance problems occur or the environment changes. A prerequisite for determining the necessity, type, and magnitude of adjustments is to continuously monitor the course and outcome of one's actions. Feedback-control loops correcting deviations from intended states constitute a basic functional principle of adaptation at all levels of the nervous system. Here, we review the neurophysiology of evaluating action course and outcome with respect to their valence, i.e., reward and punishment, and initiating short- and long-term adaptations, learning, and decisions. Based on studies in humans and other mammals, we outline the physiological principles of performance monitoring and subsequent cognitive, motivational, autonomic, and behavioral adaptation and link them to the underlying neuroanatomy, neurochemistry, psychological theories, and computational models. We provide an overview of invasive and noninvasive systemic measures, such as electrophysiological, neuroimaging, and lesion data. We describe how a wide network of brain areas encompassing frontal cortices, basal ganglia, thalamus, and monoaminergic brain stem nuclei detects and evaluates deviations of actual from predicted states indicating changed action costs or outcomes. This information is used to learn and update stimulus and action values, guide action selection, and recruit adaptive mechanisms that compensate errors and optimize goal achievement.

scholarly journals Temporal expectancy modulates stimulus–response integration

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Schmalbrock ◽  
Christian Frings
Keyword(s):  
Response Speed ◽  
Action Control ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Action Perception ◽  
Event File ◽  
Temporal Expectancy ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Foreperiod Duration ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Stimulus Features

AbstractWe can use information derived from passing time to anticipate an upcoming event. If time before an event varies, responses towards this event become faster with increasing waiting time. This variable-foreperiod effect has been often observed in response-speed studies. Different action control frameworks assume that response and stimulus features are integrated into an event file that is retrieved later if features repeat. Yet the role of foreperiods has so far not been investigated in action control. Thus, we investigated the influence of foreperiod on the integration of action-perception features. Participants worked through a standard distractor–response binding paradigm where two consecutive responses are made towards target letters while distractor letters are present. Responses and/or distractors can repeat or change from first to second display, leading to partial repetition costs when only some features repeat or repetition benefits when all features repeat (the difference constituting distractor–response binding). To investigate the effect of foreperiod, we also introduced an anti-geometric distribution of foreperiods to the time interval before the first response display. We observed that distractor–response binding increased with increasing foreperiod duration, and speculate that this was driven by an increase in motor readiness induced by temporal expectancy.

OCD as a Failure to Integrate Goal-Directed and Habitual Action Control

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Bradfield ◽  
Richard Morris ◽  
Bernard W. Balleine
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Frontal Cortex ◽  
Action Selection ◽  
Action Control ◽  
Interactive Process ◽  
Control Processes ◽  
Considerable Research ◽  
Action Initiation

This chapter discusses the considerable research that has identified distinct functional circuits linking frontal cortex with the basal ganglia in the control of goal-directed and habitual actions. OCD is characterized by hyperactivity in a circuit involving some of these regions. Recent accounts of the interaction of goal-directed actions and habits suggest that these control processes interact hierarchically, so one alternative to current theories is that OCD reflects a dysfunction in this interactive process resulting in dysregulated action selection, whether that selection is driven by the outcome itself or by cues predicting the outcome. Importantly, it appears that both sources of action selection depend on the OFC—outcome based retrieval on the medial OFC and cue-related retrieval on the lateral OFC. From this perspective, therefore, hyperactivity of the OFC could produce both elevated outcome retrieval and increased responsiveness to outcomes-related cues, resulting in dysregulated action selection and compulsive action initiation as a consequence.

Effect of Common Driving Sources to the Feedback Analysis of Heart Rate Variability

2007 ◽  
Vol 46 (02) ◽  
pp. 202-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Nishiyama ◽  
K. Mitsui ◽  
Y. Yamazaki ◽  
H. Mizuta ◽  
K. Yana
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Autoregressive Model ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Estimation Accuracy ◽  
Impulse Responses ◽  
Feedback Analysis ◽  
Operational Characteristics ◽  
Correlated Components ◽  
Multivariate Autoregressive

Summary Objectives : This paper examines the operational characteristics of the multivariate autoregressive analysis applied to the simultaneous recordings of the instantaneous heart rate (IHR) and the change in systolic blood pressure (SBP). Methods : The multivariate autoregressive model has been utilized to reveal the feedback characteristics between IHR and SBP. The model assumes the presence of independent set of driving forces to activate the system. However, it is likely that the driving forces may have correlation due to the presence of a common fluctuation source. This paper examines the effect of the presence of correlated components in the driving forces to the estimation accuracy of impulse responses characterizing the feedback properties. The twodimensional autoregressive model driven bytwo correlated 1/f noises was chosen for the analysis of operational characteristics. The driving force was generated by a moving average system which simulates non-integer order integration. Results : Computer simulation revealed that the mean square estimation errors of impulse responses sharply increase as relative power of common driving force exceeds 50%. However, the estimation accuracy and bias are found to be in permissible range in practice. Conclusions : These findings ensure the practical validity of utilizing multivariate autoregressive models for the feedback analysis between IHR and SBP where both signals have the common driving force.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document