scholarly journals Distinct defense strategies allow different grassland species to cope with root herbivore attack

Oecologia ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 191 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxime R. Hervé ◽  
Matthias Erb
Keyword(s):  
Defense Strategies ◽  
Grassland Species ◽  
Herbivore Attack ◽  
Root Herbivore

scholarly journals Distinct defense strategies allow different grassland species to cope with root herbivore attack

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxime R Hervé ◽  
Matthias Erb
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Tissue Loss ◽  
Insect Herbivores ◽  
List Type ◽  
Spotted Knapweed ◽  
Defense Strategies ◽  
Grassland Species ◽  
Melolontha Melolontha ◽  
Common Dandelion ◽  
Root Herbivore

AbstractRoot-feeding insect herbivores are of substantial evolutionary, ecological and economical importance. Plants can resist insect herbivores through a variety of tolerance and resistance strategies. To date, few studies have systematically assessed the prevalence and importance of these strategies for root-herbivore interactions across different plant species.Here, we characterize the defense strategies used by three different grassland species to cope with a generalist root herbivore, the larvae of the European cockchafer Melolontha melolontha.Our results reveal that the different plant species rely on distinct sets of defense strategies. The spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe) resists attack by dissuading the larvae through the release of repellent chemicals. White clover (Trifolium repens) does not repel the herbivore, but reduces feeding, most likely through structural defenses and low nutritional quality. Finally, the common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) allows M. melolontha to feed abundantly but compensates for tissue loss through induced regrowth.Synthesis: Three co-occurring plant species have evolved different solutions to defend themselves against attack by a generalist root herbivore. The different root defense strategies may reflect distinct defense syndromes.

Plant Bio-Wars: Maize Protein Networks Reveal Tissue-Specific Defense Strategies in Response to a Root Herbivore

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 727-745 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lina Castano-Duque ◽  
Anjel Helms ◽  
Jared Gregory Ali ◽  
Dawn S. Luthe
Keyword(s):  
Protein Networks ◽  
Tissue Specific ◽  
Defense Strategies ◽  
Maize Protein ◽  
Root Herbivore

scholarly journals The Root Herbivore History of the Soil Affects the Productivity of a Grassland Plant Community and Determines Plant Response to New Root Herbivore Attack

PLoS ONE ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. e56524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilja Sonnemann ◽  
Stefan Hempel ◽  
Maria Beutel ◽  
Nicola Hanauer ◽  
Stefan Reidinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Community ◽  
Plant Response ◽  
Herbivore Attack ◽  
History Of ◽  
Root Herbivore

scholarly journals Impact of Seasonal and Temperature-Dependent Variation in Root Defense Metabolites on Herbivore Preference in Taraxacum officinale

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Huang ◽  
Zoe Bont ◽  
Maxime R. Hervé ◽  
Christelle A. M. Robert ◽  
Matthias Erb
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Taraxacum Officinale ◽  
Seasonal Fluctuations ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Damage Potential ◽  
Melolontha Melolontha ◽  
Controlled Conditions ◽  
Herbivore Attack ◽  
Herbivore Preference ◽  
Root Herbivore

AbstractPlants experience seasonal fluctuations in abiotic and biotic factors such as herbivore attack rates. If and how root defense expression co-varies with seasonal fluctuations in abiotic factors and root herbivore attack rates is not well understood. Here, we evaluated seasonal changes in defensive root latex chemistry of Taraxacum officinale plants in the field and correlated the changes with seasonal fluctuations in abiotic factors and damage potential by Melolontha melolontha, a major natural enemy of T. officinale. We then explored the causality and consequences of these relationships under controlled conditions. The concentration of the defensive sesquiterpene lactone taraxinic acid β-D glucopyranosyl ester (TA-G) varied substantially over the year and was most strongly correlated to mean monthly temperature. Both temperature and TA-G levels were correlated with annual fluctuations in potential M. melolontha damage. Under controlled conditions, plants grown under high temperature produced more TA-G and were less attractive for M. melolontha. However, temperature-dependent M. melolontha feeding preferences were not significantly altered in TA-G deficient transgenic lines. Our results suggest that fluctuations in temperature leads to variation in the production of a root defensive metabolites that co-varies with expected attack of a major root herbivore. Temperature-dependent herbivore preference, however, is likely to be modulated by other phenotypic alterations.

scholarly journals Adapted dandelions increase seed dispersal potential when they are attacked by root herbivores

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoe Bont ◽  
Marc Pfander ◽  
Christelle A. M. Robert ◽  
Meret Huber ◽  
Erik H. Poelman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Dispersal ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Dispersal Ability ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Melolontha Melolontha ◽  
Herbivore Attack ◽  
Dispersal Potential ◽  
Root Herbivores ◽  
Root Herbivore ◽  
Herbivore Pressure

AbstractPlants allow their offspring to escape unfavourable local conditions through seed dispersal. Whether plants use this strategy to escape herbivores is not well understood. Here, we explore how different Taraxacum officinale populations modify seed dispersal in response to root herbivore attack by Melolontha melolontha in the field. Root herbivore attack increases seed dispersal potential through a reduction in seed weight in populations that have evolved under high root herbivore pressure, but not in populations that have evolved under low pressure. This increase in dispersal potential is associated with reduced germination, suggesting that adapted plants trade dispersal for establishment. Analysis of vegetative growth parameters suggests that increased dispersal is not the result of stress flowering. These results suggest that root herbivory selects for genotypes that increase their dispersal ability in response to herbivore attack.

scholarly journals Adapted dandelions trade dispersal for germination upon root herbivore attack

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1921) ◽  
pp. 20192930 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoe Bont ◽  
Marc Pfander ◽  
Christelle A. M. Robert ◽  
Meret Huber ◽  
Erik H. Poelman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Dispersal ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Dispersal Ability ◽  
Dispersal Capacity ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Melolontha Melolontha ◽  
Herbivore Attack ◽  
Dispersal Potential ◽  
Root Herbivore

A plant's offspring may escape unfavourable local conditions through seed dispersal. Whether plants use this strategy to escape insect herbivores is not well understood. Here, we explore how different dandelion ( Taraxacum officinale agg.) populations, including diploid outcrossers and triploid apomicts, modify seed dispersal in response to root herbivore attack by their main root-feeding natural enemy, the larvae of the common cockchafer Melolontha melolontha. In a manipulative field experiment, root herbivore attack increased seed dispersal potential through a reduction in seed weight in populations that evolved under high root herbivore pressure, but not in populations that evolved under low pressure. This increase in dispersal potential was independent of plant cytotype, but associated with a reduction in germination rate, suggesting that adapted dandelions trade dispersal for establishment upon attack by root herbivores. Analysis of vegetative growth parameters suggested that the increased dispersal capacity was not the result of stress flowering. In summary, these results suggest that root herbivory selects for an induced increase in dispersal ability in response to herbivore attack. Induced seed dispersal may be a strategy that allows adapted plants to escape from herbivores.

scholarly journals A Latex Metabolite Benefits Plant Fitness under Root Herbivore Attack

PLoS Biology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. e1002332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meret Huber ◽  
Janina Epping ◽  
Christian Schulze Gronover ◽  
Julia Fricke ◽  
Zohra Aziz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Fitness ◽  
Herbivore Attack ◽  
Root Herbivore

Tracing the Ghosts in Our Ethical Shells

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tam ngoc Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Behavioral Science ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Continuous Model ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Information Warfare ◽  
Scientific Model ◽  
Defense Strategies ◽  
Ethical Behaviors ◽  
Attack And Defense

We proposes a new scientific model that enables the ability to collect evidence, and explain the motivations behind people's cyber malicious/ethical behaviors. Existing models mainly focus on detecting already-committed actions and associated response strategies, which is not proactive. That is the reason why little has been done in order to prevent malicious behaviors early, despite the fact that issues like insider threats cost corporations billions of dollars annually, and its time to detection often lasts for more than a year.We address those problems by our main contributions of:+ A better model for ethical/malicious behavioral analysis with a strong focus on understanding people's motivations. + Research results regarding ethical behaviors of more than 200 participants, during the historic Covid-19 pandemic. + Novel attack and defense strategies based on validated model and survey results. + Strategies for continuous model development and integration, utilizing latest technologies such as natural language processing, and machine learning. We employed mixed-mode research approach of: integrating and combining proven behavioral science models, case studying of hackers, survey research, quantitative analysis, and qualitative analysis. For practical deployments, corporations may utilize our model in: improving HR processes and research, prioritizing plans based on the model's informed human behavioral metrics, better analysis in existing or potential cyber insider threat cases, generating more defense tactics in information warfare and so on.

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