scholarly journals Methyl salicylate as a signaling compound that contributes to forest ecosystem stability

Trees ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiran Singewar ◽  
Matthias Fladung ◽  
Marcel Robischon
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Salicylate ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Plant Communication ◽  
Current State ◽  
Communication Processes ◽  
Stability And Resilience

Abstract Key message This review for the first time gathers the current state of knowledge on the role of plant and microbial methyl salicylate (MeSA) signaling processes in forest ecosystems. It aims to establish a basis for the use of high-MeSA-emitting trees as a silvicultural tool aiming to enhance stability and resilience in managed temperate forests affected by climate change. Abstract Methyl salicylate (MeSA) is a volatile plant and microbial signaling compound involved in systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and defense against pests and microbial pathogens, and antagonists. MeSA emitted by plants is also believed to trigger SAR in neighboring plant individuals, thus contributing to the resilience of the entire plant community. In this review, we discuss volatile plant-to-plant communication processes with a special focus on MeSA and provide an overview about the occurrence of MeSA in fungi and other microbes. We summarize present findings on the role of MeSA in plants and particularly in birches (Betula spp.) and discuss the potential use of MeSA and MeSA-emitting plants in agriculture and forestry. MeSA levels in plant tissues are adjusted by methylation of salicylic acid to MeSA and the reverse process of demethylation. Some plant species possess constitutively high MeSA levels and thus are suitable for experiments of admixture of high MeSA plants, e.g., birches of the subgenera Betulenta and Acuminata in plant communities such as mixed forests. Furthermore, knowledge of candidate genes and the molecular pathways underlying high MeSA emission is expected to offer a basis for altering MeSA levels and/or the selection of high MeSA mutants.

Conceptualizing and Measuring Affective and Cognitive Empathy

2020 ◽  
pp. 8-30
Author(s):  
Ross Buck ◽  
Zhan Xu
Keyword(s):  
Mental States ◽  
Cognitive Empathy ◽  
Emotional Empathy ◽  
Symbolic Communication ◽  
Current State ◽  
Communication Processes ◽  
Neuroscience Research ◽  
Emotion Displays ◽  
Central Nervous Systems

Individual differences in the ability to recognize emotion displays relate strongly to emotional intelligence, and emotional and social competence. However, there is a difference between the ability to judge the emotions of another person (i.e., emotional empathy) and the ability to take the perspective of another person, including making accurate appraisals, attributions, and inferences about the mental states of others (i.e., cognitive empathy). In this chapter, we review the concept of emotional empathy and the current state of the field, including emerging and converging evidence from neuroscience research that emotional and cognitive empathy involve doubly dissociable brain systems. We also discuss emerging literature on the physiological mechanisms underlying empathy in the peripheral and central nervous systems. We then distinguish spontaneous and symbolic communication processes to show how cognitive empathy emerges from emotional empathy during development. Development starts with the prelinguistic mutual contingent responsiveness of infant and caregiver yielding “raw” primary intersubjectivity, then secondary and tertiary intersubjectivity advances with increasing social experience, and finally cognitive empathic abilities expand in perspective taking and Theory of Mind (ToM) skills. We then present an Affect-Reason-Involvement (ARI) model to guide the conceptualization and measurement of emotional and cognitive empathy. We consider emotion correlation scores as a flexible and valid approach to empathy measurement, with implications for understanding the role of discrete emotions in decision making. Finally, we apply this reasoning to recent studies of the role of emotion and empathy in bullying.

scholarly journals Systemic Acquired Resistance in Canola Is Linked with Pathogenesis-Related Gene Expression and Requires Salicylic Acid

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (7) ◽  
pp. 794-802 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shobha D. Potlakayala ◽  
Darwin W. Reed ◽  
Patrick S. Covello ◽  
Pierre R. Fobert
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Induced Defense ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Broad Host Range ◽  
Avirulent Strain ◽  
Enhanced Resistance ◽  
Pathogenesis Related

Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is an induced defense response that confers long-lasting protection against a broad range of microbial pathogens. Here we show that treatment of Brassica napus plants with the SAR-inducing chemical benzo-(1,2,3)-thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester (BTH) significantly enhanced resistance against virulent strains of the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola and the fungal pathogen Leptosphaeria maculans. Localized preinoculation of plants with an avirulent strain of P. syringae pv. maculicola also enhanced resistance to these pathogens but was not as effective as BTH treatment. Single applications of either SAR-inducing pretreatment were effective against P. syringae pv. maculicola, even when given more than 3 weeks prior to the secondary challenge. The pretreatments also led to the accumulation of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes, including BnPR-1 and BnPR-2, with higher levels of transcripts observed in the BTH-treatment material. B. napus plants expressing a bacterial salicylate hydroxylase transgene (NahG) that metabolizes salicylic acid to catechol were substantially compromised in SAR and accumulated reduced levels of PR gene transcripts when compared with untransformed controls. Thus, SAR in B. napus displays many of the hallmarks of classical SAR including long lasting and broad host range resistance, association with PR gene activation, and a requirement for salicylic acid.

scholarly journals Long distance movement of DIR1 and investigation of the role of DIR1-like during systemic acquired resistance in Arabidopsis

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc J. Champigny ◽  
Marisa Isaacs ◽  
Philip Carella ◽  
Jennifer Faubert ◽  
Pierre R. Fobert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Long Distance Movement

Methyl Salicylate Is a Critical Mobile Signal for Plant Systemic Acquired Resistance

Science ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 318 (5847) ◽  
pp. 113-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.-W. Park ◽  
E. Kaimoyo ◽  
D. Kumar ◽  
S. Mosher ◽  
D. F. Klessig
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Salicylate ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Acquired Resistance

scholarly journals Progress in Research on the Role of Flavonoids in Lung Cancer

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (17) ◽  
pp. 4291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oana Zanoaga ◽  
Cornelia Braicu ◽  
Ancuta Jurj ◽  
Alexandru Rusu ◽  
Rares Buiga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Tumor Suppressor Genes ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Physiological Concentration ◽  
Current State ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Molecular Effects ◽  
Lung Cancer Prevention

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Therefore, for the prevention, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of lung cancer, efficient preventive strategies and new therapeutic strategies are needed to face these challenges. Natural bioactive compounds and particular flavonoids compounds have been proven to have an important role in lung cancer prevention and of particular interest is the dose used for these studies, to underline the molecular effects and mechanisms at a physiological concentration. The purpose of this review was to summarize the current state of knowledge regarding relevant molecular mechanisms involved in the pharmacological effects, with a special focus on the anti-cancer role, by regulating the coding and non-coding genes. Furthermore, this review focused on the most commonly altered and most clinically relevant oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes and microRNAs in lung cancer. Particular attention was given to the biological effect in tandem with conventional therapy, emphasizing the role in the regulation of drug resistance related mechanisms.

scholarly journals Methyl Salicylate Production and Jasmonate Signaling Are Not Essential for Systemic Acquired Resistance in Arabidopsis

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 954-971 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elham Attaran ◽  
Tatiana E. Zeier ◽  
Thomas Griebel ◽  
Jürgen Zeier
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Salicylate ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Jasmonate Signaling

scholarly journals Studies on Activation of Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) by Heterocyclic Compounds Having Azole Groups in Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek.

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Indu RAVI ◽  
Shipra VARSHNEY ◽  
Gunjan SHARMA ◽  
Vandana DWIVEDI ◽  
Kambaska Kumar BEHERA
Keyword(s):  
Vigna Radiata ◽  
Heterocyclic Compounds ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Flavonoid Content ◽  
Polyphenol Content ◽  
Pal Activity ◽  
New Compounds

Heterocyclic compounds are known to activate the defense response or resistance in plants. In order to study their effect as activatorsof systemic acquired resistance (SAR), two series of heterocyclic compounds having azole group were used for the present study i.e.,substituted triazolothiadiazoles and thiazolidine thioureas to obtain new compounds with improved biological activities in mung beans(Vigna radiata (L.)Wilczek, is an important pulse crop of India. These compounds could be used as a solution to chemically mediateddisease control both at the farm level as well as chemical fungicides. For this polyphenol content, flavonoid content, PAL activity,peroxidase activity and protein content were determined in control and after chemical treatment in mung beans var. ‘RMG-344’. Theresults indicated significant changes and a distinct role of polyphenols, flavonoids, PAL, peroxidase and proteins in the defense responseof mung beans after treatment with these chemicals.

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