Abstract
Background: Coral reef ecosystems cannot operate normally without an effective nitrogen cycle. For oligotrophic coral reef areas, coral-associated diazotrophs are indispensable participants in the nitrogen cycle. How coral-associated diazotrophs will change in order to adapt to environmental changes resulting from global warming and human activities is a topic of concern for researchers. To this end, 68 colonies of scleractinian coral were collected from 6 coral reefs areas with different environmental variables in the South China Sea to investigate the composition of associated diazotrophs based on nifH gene amplification using high-throughput sequencing. The six coral reefs can be clearly divided into two types (fringing reefs and island reefs), are affected by varying degrees of human activities and are located at different latitudes from 9°20′06′′N to 22°34′55′′N with different seawater temperatures. Results: Alpha- and beta-diversity analyses showed that the distribution of diazotrophs among coral reefs exhibited greater geographical fluctuations than interspecific fluctuations. The predominant bacterial phyla included Proteobacteria, Chlorobi, Cyanobacteria, and two unclassified phyla. Chlorobi exhibited an abundance of 47–96% in coral samples from the high-latitude Daya Bay fringing reef affected by eutrophication. Unclassified bacteria II, with an abundance of 28–87%, was found in all coral samples from the midlatitude Luhuitou fringing reef affected by eutrophication. However, unclassified bacteria I and Proteobacteria dominated (> 80% abundance) in most of the coral samples from the Weizhou Island fringing reef, which is far from land, and three island reefs (Huangyan Island, Xinyi Reef, and Sanjiao Reef) at relatively low latitudes. At the genus level, some core diazotrophs were found in different coral sample groups. In addition, the correlation analysis with various environmental variables revealed that the variables correlated positively or negatively with different diazotrophic genera. Conclusions: We found that coral-associated diazotrophs were common among coral individuals. The presence of these diazotrophs was not affected by the external environment, but their population abundances were closely related to the different environmental variables. These results provide insights into the ecological characteristics of coral-associated diazotrophs and their relationships with critical environmental variables in the South China Sea.
A GIS-Based Spatial-Temporal Autoregressive Model for Forecasting Marine Traffic Volume of a Shipping Network
