scholarly journals The Avogadro number is an integer multiple of the number “1”

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul De Bièvre
Keyword(s):  
Integer Multiple ◽  
Avogadro Number

scholarly journals Reproducible strain measurement in electronic devices by applying integer multiple to scanning grating in scanning moiré fringe imaging

AIP Advances ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (10) ◽  
pp. 107107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suhyun Kim ◽  
Younheum Jung ◽  
Joong Jung Kim ◽  
Sunyoung Lee ◽  
Haebum Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Strain Measurement ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Integer Multiple ◽  
Moire Fringe ◽  
Moiré Fringe

scholarly journals Research on the Dual Modulation of All-Fiber Optic Current Sensor

Sensors ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 430
Author(s):  
Jianhua Wu ◽  
Xiaofeng Zhang ◽  
Liang Chen
Keyword(s):  
Duty Cycle ◽  
Modulation Frequency ◽  
Measurement Range ◽  
Optical Modulator ◽  
Current Sensor ◽  
Multiplication Factor ◽  
Pulsed Light ◽  
Frequency Multiplication ◽  
Integer Multiple ◽  
Ratio Error

Acousto-optic modulator (AOM) and electro-optical modulator (EOM) are applied to realize the all-fiber current sensor with a pulsed light source. The pulsed light is realized by amplitude modulation with AOM. The reflected interferometer current sensor is constructed by the mirror and phase modulation with EOM to improve the anti-interference ability. A correlation demodulation algorithm is applied for data processing. The influence of the modulation frequency and duty cycle of AOM on the optical system is determined by modeling and experiment. The duty cycle is the main factor affecting the normalized scale factor of the system. The modulation frequency mainly affects the output amplitude of the correlation demodulation and the system signal-to-noise ratio. The frequency multiplication factor links AOM and EOM, primarily affecting the ratio error. When the frequency multiplication factor is equal to the duty cycle of AOM and it is an integer multiple of 0.1, the ratio error of the system is less than 1.8% and the sensitivity and the resolution of AFOCS are 0.01063 mV/mA and 3 mA, respectively. The measurement range of AFOCS is from 11 mA to 196.62 A, which is excellent enough to meet the practical requirements for microcurrent measurement.

scholarly journals Universal Evolutionary Model for Periodical Species

Complexity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Eric Goles ◽  
Ivan Slapničar ◽  
Marco A. Lardies
Keyword(s):  
Fitness Function ◽  
Evolutionary Model ◽  
Prime Numbers ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
The Other ◽  
Exclusion Principle ◽  
Greatest Common Divisor ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Integer Multiple ◽  
New Period

Real-world examples of periodical species range from cicadas, whose life cycles are large prime numbers, like 13 or 17, to bamboos, whose periods are large multiples of small primes, like 40 or even 120. The periodicity is caused by interaction of species, be it a predator-prey relationship, symbiosis, commensalism, or competition exclusion principle. We propose a simple mathematical model, which explains and models all those principles, including listed extremal cases. This rather universal, qualitative model is based on the concept of a local fitness function, where a randomly chosen new period is selected if the value of the global fitness function of the species increases. Arithmetically speaking, the different interactions are related to only four principles: given a couple of integer periods either (1) their greatest common divisor is one, (2) one of the periods is prime, (3) both periods are equal, or (4) one period is an integer multiple of the other.

The Flutter of a Helicopter Rotor Blade in Forward Flight

1970 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. W. Stammers
Keyword(s):  
Equations Of Motion ◽  
Approximate Solutions ◽  
Speed Ratio ◽  
Forward Speed ◽  
Forward Flight ◽  
Helicopter Blade ◽  
Integer Multiple ◽  
Tip Speed Ratio ◽  
Half Integer ◽  
Helicopter Rotor Blade

SummaryThe nature of flapping torsion flutter of a helicopter blade in forward flight is discussed. The essential complication in the analysis is the presence of periodic coefficients in the equations of motion; approximate solutions are obtained by use of a perturbation procedure. An unusual behaviour of the flutter equations which occurs when the fundamental frequency of flutter is a half-integer multiple of rotational speed is studied. Two different instability mechanisms can be distinguished and are related to the two energy sources in the system, namely the rotation of the rotor and the forward speed of the helicopter. It is found that forward flight can have a significant stabilising influence on flutter and that, as the tip speed ratio increases, flutter occurs predominantly at half-integer frequencies. The results are confirmed by the use of a numerical method.

scholarly journals Three dimensional pure gravity and generalized Hecke operators

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ashrafi
Keyword(s):  
Symmetry Group ◽  
Central Charge ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Gravitational Theory ◽  
Hecke Operators ◽  
Simons Theory ◽  
Partition Functions ◽  
Integer Multiple ◽  
Pure Gravity ◽  
Modular Covariance

Abstract In this paper, we study mathematical functions of relevance to pure gravity in AdS3. Modular covariance places stringent constraints on the space of such functions; modular invariance places even stronger constraints on how they may be combined into physically viable candidate partition functions. We explicitly detail the list of holomorphic and anti-holomorphic functions that serve as candidates for chiral and anti-chiral partition functions and note that modular covariance is only consistent with such functions when the left (resp. right) central charge is an integer multiple of 8, c ∈ 8ℕ. We then find related constraints on the symmetry group of the corresponding topological, Chern-Simons, theory in the bulk of AdS. The symmetry group of the theory can be one of two choices: either SO(2; 1) × SO(2; 1) or its three-fold diagonal cover. We introduce the generalized Hecke operators which map the modular covariant functions to the modular covariant functions. With these mathematical results, we obtain conjectural partition functions for extremal CFT2s, and the corresponding microcanonical entropies, when the chiral central charges are multiples of eight. Finally, we compute subleading corrections to the Beckenstein-Hawking entropy in the bulk gravitational theory with these conjectural partition functions.

GWN-INDUCED BURSTING, SPIKING, AND RANDOM SUBTHRESHOLD IMPULSING OSCILLATION BEFORE HOPF BIFURCATIONS IN THE CHAY MODEL

2004 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 4143-4159 ◽  
Author(s):  
ZHUOQIN YANG ◽  
QISHAO LU ◽  
HUAGUANG GU ◽  
WEI REN
Keyword(s):  
Hysteresis Loop ◽  
Gaussian White Noise ◽  
Global Bifurcation ◽  
Intrinsic Noise ◽  
Stable Node ◽  
Bifurcation Curve ◽  
Fast System ◽  
Integer Multiple ◽  
Rest State ◽  
Stable Focus

Gaussian white noise (GWN), as an intrinsic noise source, can give rise to various firing activities at the rest state before a supercritical or subcritical Hopf bifurcation (supH or subH) in the Chay system without or with external current input, when VK, VC, λn and I are considered as changeable control parameters. These firing activities are closely related to the global bifurcation mechanism of the whole system and the fast/slow dynamical subsystems, and can be tackled by means of bifurcation analysis. GWN can induce some typical bursting phenomena in the stochastic Chay system. Firstly, integer multiple "fold/homoclinic" or "circle/homoclinic" bursting due to GWN, with only one spike per burst, can arise from rest states before both subH and supH (with respect to the parameter VK), and their respective trajectories have the same shape and property. However, less spikes appear and their peaks are lower before supH, comparing with those before subH. Secondly, a "fold/fold" point–point hysteresis loop bursting due to GWN is generated before supH (with respect to the parameter VC) on the upper branch of a "Z"-shaped bifurcation curve between two fold bifurcations of the fast system. Thirdly, at a rest state before subH (with respect to the additional current I) situated on the lower branch of a "S"-shaped bifurcation curve between two fold bifurcations of the fast system, a GWN-induced firing pattern appears and is classified as "Hopf/homoclinic" bursting via "fold/homoclinic" point–point hysteresis loop. GWN-induced firing activities other than bursting can also be observed in the stochastic Chay system. For example, sometimes GWN-induced continuous spiking without any particular shape may arise at a rest state before supH (with respect to the parameter VK) for certain values of parameters. Moreover, under the situation that a stable node and a stable focus coexist before subH (with respect to the parameter I) and the attractive region of the stable node is larger than that of the stable focus, GWN only provoke random subthreshold impulsing oscillation near the stable node.

Integer multiple spiking in neuronal pacemakers without external periodic stimulation

2001 ◽  
Vol 285 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 63-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huaguang Gu ◽  
Wei Ren ◽  
Qishao Lu ◽  
Shunguang Wu ◽  
Minghao Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Integer Multiple ◽  
Periodic Stimulation

Effect of Coherence Function on Rotational Fourier Spectrum of Wind Turbine

2012 ◽  
Vol 608-609 ◽  
pp. 506-512
Author(s):  
De Tian ◽  
Wei He ◽  
Ning Bo Wang
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Fourier Spectrum ◽  
Coherence Function ◽  
Physical Nature ◽  
Turbine Generator ◽  
Generator System ◽  
Integer Multiple ◽  
Rotational Effect ◽  
Decay Factor ◽  
Wind Turbine Generator System

In order to consider the rotational effect of rotor and determine the exact loads of wind turbine generator system, rotational Fourier spectrum was deduced, and the physical nature of the rotational Fourier spectrum was indicated. Importance of coherence function to the rotational Fourier spectrum was analyzed according to physical nature, as well as the parameter sensitivity analysis of decay factor. The result shows that there is a sharp dip of rotational Fourier spectrum at the integer multiple rotational frequencies with Davenport exponential coherence function while it's eliminated with coherence function supplied by IEC international standard. The rotational Fourier spectrum energy removes to the high frequency bands, the amplitudes of peak at the integer multiple rotational frequencies are increased with decay factor increased, which results in rotational effect more obvious.

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