Carbamide peroxide bleaching agents: effects on surface roughness of enamel, composite and porcelain

Objective. To determine the influence of the home bleaching agent, Opalescence PF, on the surface roughness and microhardness of glazed glassy matrix CAD-CAM ceramics. Materials and Methods. The 28 sintered leucite- and lithium disilicate-reinforced ceramic specimens (IPS Empress CAD and IPS e.max CAD) were divided into control and bleached groups. The home bleaching agent was applied to specimens of bleached groups for 7 days. The surface roughness and microhardness of all specimens were measured. A scanning electron microscope was used to evaluate the surface properties. The data were statistically analyzed by two-way ANOVA. Results. The control e.max CAD showed the lowest surface roughness values. For both Empress and e.max CAD, surface roughness was significantly higher for the bleached group (p<0.05). No significant differences in microhardness were observed. Conclusions. According to our study, patients should be careful when using home bleaching agents because whitening agents can affect the mechanical properties of full ceramic restorations like e.max CAD and Empress CAD. Ceramic polishing may be required in clinical situations where ceramic restorations are accidentally exposed to bleaching gels.

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Effect of carbamide peroxide bleaching agent on the surface roughness and gloss of a pressable ceramic

Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry ◽

10.1111/jerd.12469 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 31 (5) ◽

pp. 451-456 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Felipe Tarosso Rea ◽

Ana Carolina Cabral Roque ◽

Ana Paula Macedo ◽

Rossana Pereira Almeida

Keyword(s):

Surface Roughness ◽

Bleaching Agent ◽

Carbamide Peroxide ◽

Peroxide Bleaching

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Brushing Effect of Abrasive Dentifrices during At-home Bleaching with 10% Carbamide Peroxide on Enamel Surface Roughness

The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice ◽

10.5005/jcdp-7-1-25 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 25-34 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Luís Roberto Marcondes Martins ◽

Claudia Cia Worschech ◽

José Augusto Rodrigues ◽

Gláucia Maria Bovi Ambrosano

Keyword(s):

Surface Roughness ◽

Artificial Saliva ◽

Enamel Surface ◽

Tooth Bleaching ◽

Carbamide Peroxide ◽

Peroxide Bleaching ◽

Human Enamel ◽

Over Time ◽

At Home

Abstract During tooth bleaching abrasive dentifrices might change the outer superficial enamel. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the roughness of human enamel exposed to a 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching agent at different times and submitted to different superficial cleaning treatments. The study consisted of 60 sound human enamel slabs, randomly assigned to different treatment groups: G1 - not brushed; G2 - brushed with a fluoride abrasive dentifrice; G3 - brushed with a non-fluoride abrasive dentifrice; and G4 - brushed without a dentifrice. There were 15 enamel slabs per group. Slabs of molar teeth were obtained and sequentially polished with sandpaper and abrasive pastes. A perfilometer was used to obtain the mean of Ra value on the surface of each specimen to initial and experimental times. Bleaching was performed on the enamel surface for six hours daily. After that, each slab received a cleaning surface treatment and was stored in artificial saliva. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's HSD hoc analysis (α =0.05) revealed significant differences in roughness values over time for enamel bleached and treated with different superficial cleaning methods. G1 and G4 showed no significant differences in roughness over time, G2 and G3 showed a significant increase in the surface roughness values. This in vitro investigation showed the sole use of 10% carbamide peroxide did not alter the enamel surface roughness, but the cleaning treatments that employed the use of brushing with abrasive dentifrices resulted in a significant increase of enamel surface roughness. Citation Worschech CC, Rodrigues JA, Martins LRM, Ambrosano GMB. Brushing Effect of Abrasive Dentifrices during At-home Bleaching with 10% Carbamide Peroxide on Enamel Surface Roughness. J Contemp Dent Pract 2006 February;(7)1:025-034.

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Enamel Surface Changes After Exposure to Bleaching Gels Containing Carbamide Peroxide or Hydrogen Peroxide

Operative Dentistry ◽

10.2341/15-010-l ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 41 (1) ◽

pp. E39-E47 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

B Cvikl ◽

A Lussi ◽

A Moritz ◽

S Flury

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Peroxide ◽

Surface Roughness ◽

Elastic Modulus ◽

Color Change ◽

Surface Hardness ◽

Enamel Surface ◽

Carbamide Peroxide ◽

Peroxide Bleaching ◽

Bleaching Gels ◽

Bleaching Treatment

SUMMARY Objective This study evaluated the differences in enamel color change, surface hardness, elastic modulus, and surface roughness between treatments with four bleaching gels containing carbamide peroxide (two at 10% and one each at 35%, and 45%) and two bleaching gels containing hydrogen peroxide (two at 40%). Methods Enamel specimens were bleached and color changes were measured. Color change was calculated using either ΔE or the Bleaching Index (BI). Then, surface hardness, elastic modulus, and surface roughness of the enamel specimens were evaluated. All measurements were performed at baseline and directly after the first bleaching treatment for all carbamide peroxide– and hydrogen peroxide–containing bleaching gels. In addition, final measurements were made 24 hours after each of a total of 10 bleaching treatments for carbamide peroxide bleaching gels, and 1 week after each of a total of three bleaching treatments for hydrogen peroxide bleaching gels. Results After the last bleaching treatment, respective ΔE scores were 17.6 and 8.2 for the two 10% carbamide peroxide gels, 12.9 and 5.6 for the 45% and 35% carbamide peroxide gels, and 9.6 and 13.9 for the two 40% hydrogen peroxide gels. The respective BI scores were −2.0 and −2.0 for the two 10% carbamide peroxide gels, −3.5 and −1.5 for the 45% and 35% carbamide peroxide gels, and −2.0 and −3.0 for the two 40% hydrogen peroxide gels. Each bleaching gel treatment resulted in significant whitening; however, no significant difference was found among the gels after the last bleaching. Whitening occurred within the first bleaching treatments and did not increase significantly during the remaining treatments. Surface hardness significantly decreased after the last bleaching treatment, when 10% carbamide peroxide was used. Furthermore, significant changes in the elastic modulus or surface roughness occurred only after treatment with 10% carbamide peroxide. Conclusion All six bleaching gels effectively bleached the enamel specimens independent of their concentration of peroxide. Gels with low peroxide concentration and longer contact time negatively affected the enamel surface.

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How a 16% Carbamide Peroxide Home Bleaching Agent Affects the Surface Properties of Chairside CAD/CAM Materials?

Odovtos - International Journal of Dental Sciences ◽

10.15517/ijds.2021.47853 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 342-353

Author(s):

Tugba Serin-Kalay ◽

Beyza Zaim

Keyword(s):

Surface Roughness ◽

Surface Analysis ◽

Lithium Silicate ◽

Bleaching Agent ◽

Carbamide Peroxide ◽

Peroxide Bleaching ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Computer Aided ◽

Restorative Materials ◽

Cad Cam

Surface changes of restorative materials after bleaching have clinical importance in terms of the durability and survival of restorations. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of home bleaching on the surface roughness, microhardness, and surface analysis of four different types of chairside computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) materials. Specimens were prepared from composite resin (Brilliant Crios: BC), resin nanoceramic (Lava Ultimate: LU), polymer-infiltrated ceramic-network (Vita Enamic: VE), and zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate glass-ceramic (Vita Suprinity: VS) CAD/CAM materials. Specimens were polished using 800, 1000, 1200, and 2000 grit SiC papers. Each restorative material was randomly divided into two groups; control and bleaching (n=10). The 16% carbamide peroxide bleaching agent (Whiteness Perfect 16%, FGM) was applied to the specimens for 4 h/day for 14 days. Surface roughness values (Ra) were obtained using a profilometer, and microhardness values (VHN) were obtained using a Vickers microhardness test. Surface analysis of specimens was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Data were analyzed Two-way ANOVA and Fisher’s Least Significant Difference (LSD) test (p<0.05). After bleaching, the surface roughness of BC (p<0.001) and VE (p<0.032) significantly increased. Bleaching did not significantly affect the microhardness of CAD/CAM materials. SEM evaluation showed material-dependent surface damages after bleaching procedures. The effect of 16% carbamide peroxide home bleaching agent on surface roughness and microhardness of chairside CAD/CAM materials is material-dependent. Before bleaching, restorative materials should be protected by applying a protective barrier and contact with the bleaching agent should be minimized. Also, after bleaching, the restoration surface should be carefully inspected, and re-polishing might be beneficial.

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Mineral Loss and Morphological Changes in Dental Enamel Induced by a 16% Carbamide Peroxide Bleaching Gel

Brazilian Dental Journal ◽

10.1590/0103-6440201302225 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 24 (5) ◽

pp. 517-521 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Diana Gabriela Soares ◽

Ana Paula Dias Ribeiro ◽

Nancy Tomoko Sacono ◽

Alessandro Dourado Loguércio ◽

Josimeri Hebling ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Surface Roughness ◽

Morphological Changes ◽

Day Treatment ◽

Dental Enamel ◽

Content Increase ◽

Carbamide Peroxide ◽

Force Microscopy ◽

Peroxide Bleaching ◽

Atomic Force ◽

Knoop Microhardness

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of a 16% carbamide peroxide (CP) gel and a 10% CP gel on mineralized enamel content and morphology. Enamel blocks from bovine incisors were subjected to a 14-day treatment (8 h/day) with 10% or 16% CP gels. Knoop microhardness was evaluated before bleaching and at 1, 7 or 14 days after this treatment (50 g/15 s). Mineral content (energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy), surface roughness and topography (atomic force microscopy) were evaluated at the 14-day period. Data were analyzed statistically by two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α=0.05). Significant microhardness reduction was observed at the 7 th and 14 th days for 10% CP gel, and for all bleaching times for 16% CP gel (p<0.05). At the 14-day period, a significant decrease in Ca and P content, increase on surface roughness (p<0.05) as well as on picks and valleys distance were observed when both bleaching gels were used. These enamel alterations were more intense for 16% CP gel. It was concluded that both CP-based gels promoted loss of mineral structure from enamel, resulting in a rough and porous surface. However, 16% CP gel caused the most intense adverse effects on enamel.

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Peroxide bleaching agent effects on enamel surface microhardness, roughness and morphology

Brazilian Oral Research ◽

10.1590/s1806-83242004000400006 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 306-311 ◽

Cited By ~ 89

Author(s):

Cristiane Franco Pinto ◽

Rogério de Oliveira ◽

Vanessa Cavalli ◽

Marcelo Giannini

Keyword(s):

Surface Roughness ◽

Artificial Saliva ◽

Dental Enamel ◽

Enamel Surface ◽

Control Group ◽

Third Molars ◽

Carbamide Peroxide ◽

Peroxide Bleaching ◽

Human Enamel ◽

Microhardness Testing

The aim of this study was to evaluate the surface roughness, microhardness and morphology of human enamel exposed to six bleaching agents (at baseline and post-treatment). Human dental enamel samples were obtained from human third molars and randomly divided into seven groups (n = 11): control, Whiteness Perfect - 10% carbamide peroxide (10% CP), Colgate Platinum - 10% CP, Day White 2Z - 7.5% hydrogen peroxide (7.5% HP), Whiteness Super - 37% CP, Opalescence Quick - 35% CP and Whiteness HP - 35% HP. Bleaching agents were applied according to manufacturers' instructions. The control group remained not treated and stored in artificial saliva. Microhardness testing was performed with a Knoop indentor and surface roughness was analyzed with a profilometer. Morphologic observations were carried out with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results were statistically analyzed by two-way analysis of variance and Tukey's test (5%), and revealed a significant decrease in microhardness values and a significant increase in surface roughness post-bleaching. Changes in enamel morphology after bleaching were observed under SEM. It was concluded that bleaching agents can alter the microhardness, roughness and morphology of dental enamel surface.

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Effects of a 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching agent on rat oral epithelium proliferation

Brazilian Dental Journal ◽

10.1590/s0103-64402002000300003 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 162-165 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Rodrigo de Castro Albuquerque ◽

Ricardo Santiago Gomez ◽

Rodrigo Aliprandi Dutra ◽

Wallison Arthuso Vasconcellos ◽

Renato Santiago Gomez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oral Mucosa ◽

Topical Application ◽

Basal Layer ◽

Nuclear Antigen ◽

Oral Epithelium ◽

Basal Cells ◽

Immunohistochemical Expression ◽

Carbamide Peroxide ◽

Peroxide Bleaching ◽

Short Course

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the influence of short course topical application of carbamide peroxide on proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunohistochemical expression in the oral tongue mucosa of rats. Twelve male Wistar rats were submitted to topical application of 10% carbamide peroxide on one side of the dorsal tongue once a week for three consecutive weeks. Only distilled water was applied on the control side. The animals were killed on days 0, 10, and 20 after the last application. The tongue was fixed in buffered formalin for 24 h and embedded in paraffin. Tissue blocks (3 µm) were subjected to the biotin-streptavidin amplified system for identification of PCNA. The percentage of epithelial-positive basal cells in each side of the tongue mucosa was calculated. The results demonstrated that topical application of 10% carbamide peroxide increases PCNA immunohistochemical expression on the basal layer of the oral mucosa epithelium of rats on day 0 after treatment. In conclusion, short-course use of carbamide peroxide induces transient epithelial cell proliferation of the oral mucosa of rats.

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