scholarly journals A 26-Year Study of Restraint Fatalities Among Children and Adolescents in the United States: A Failure of Organizational Structures and Processes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Nunno ◽  
Lisa A. McCabe ◽  
Charles V. Izzo ◽  
Elliott G. Smith ◽  
Deborah E. Sellers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Physical Restraint ◽  
Organizational Structures ◽  
The United States ◽  
Community Schools ◽  
Disability Services ◽  
Advocacy Groups ◽  
Governmental Agencies ◽  
Practice Recommendations ◽  
Mechanical Restraints

Abstract Background Physical and mechanical restraints used in treatment, care, education, and corrections programs for children are high-risk interventions primarily due to their adverse physical, emotional, and fatal consequences. Objective This study explores the conditions and circumstances of restraint-related fatalities in the United States by asking (1) Who are the children that died due to physical restraint? and (2) How did they die? Method The study employs internet search systems to discover and compile information about restraint-related fatalities of children and youth up to 18 years of age from reputable journalism sources, advocacy groups, activists, and governmental and non-governmental agencies. The child cohort from a published study of restraint fatalities in the United States from 1993 to 2003 is combined with restraint fatalities from 2004 to 2018. This study’s scope has expanded to include restraint deaths in community schools, as well as undiscovered restraint deaths from 1993 to 2003 not in the 2006 study. Results Seventy-nine restraint-related fatalities occurred over the 26-year period from across a spectrum of children’s out-of-home child welfare, corrections, mental health and disability services. The research provides a data snapshot and examples of how fatalities unfold and their consequences for staff and agencies. Practice recommendations are offered to increase safety and transparency. Conclusions The study postulates that restraint fatalities result from a confluence of medical, psychological, and organizational causes; such as cultures prioritizing control, ignoring risk, using dangerous techniques, as well as agencies that lack structures, processes, procedures, and resources to promote learning and to ensure physical and psychological safety.

National Moods and Organizational Structures

1984 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-287
Author(s):  
Theodore Caplow
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Organizational Structures ◽  
The United States ◽  
Washington Post ◽  
Forthcoming Book ◽  
The World

Few foreign visitors have known the United States as well as Michel Crozier. For that matter, few Americans do. When he speaks about “the trouble with America” it behooves us to listen and to mark his words. The Washington Post announced his forthcoming book with a two-column headline, “America, An Adult Nation Can’t Afford Your Illusions,” and that seems to be a fair synopsis. “This is now the time” writes Crozier, “for America to learn again, to forget its dreams of innocence and superiority, to become humble enough to accept that there are lessons to learn from the rest of the world and from the facts” (Crozier, 1984, 5). America, it appears, is a retarded adolescent.

Eyes in the Sky

The Drone Age ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 96-130
Author(s):  
Michael J. Boyle
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Organizational Structures ◽  
The United States ◽  
Us Military ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Military ◽  
Organizational Costs

Chapter 4 argues that drones accelerate the trend toward information-rich warfare and place enormous pressure on the military to learn ever more about the battlefields that it faces. Today, for the United States, war is increasingly a contest for information about any future battlespace. This has had an organizational effect as the ability for the United States to know more through drone imagery has turned into a necessity to know more. The US military is becoming so enamored of its ability to know more through drone surveillance that it is overlooking the operational and organizational costs of “collecting the whole haystack.” Using drones for a vast surveillance apparatus, as the United States and now other countries have been doing, has underappreciated implications for the workload, organizational structures, and culture of the military itself.

Culture and clinical practice: Recommendations for working with Puerto Ricans and other Latinas(os) in the United States.

2006 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 694-701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raquel C. Andrés-Hyman ◽  
Jose Ortiz ◽  
Luis M. Añez ◽  
Manuel Paris ◽  
Larry Davidson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Puerto Ricans ◽  
The United States ◽  
Practice Recommendations

Rural Cross-Sector Collaboration

2017 ◽  
Vol 54 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 193S-215S ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter M. Miller ◽  
Martin K. Scanlan ◽  
Kate Phillippo
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Rural Community ◽  
The United States ◽  
Community Schools ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Community Partnership ◽  
Service Community ◽  
Rural Context

Schools throughout the United States apply comprehensive community partnership strategies to address students’ in- and out-of-school needs. Drawing from models like the Harlem Children’s Zone, Promise Neighborhoods, and full-service community schools, such strategies call for diverse professionals to reach beyond their own organizations to collaborate with complementary partners. Extant research on cross-sector collaboration focuses disproportionately on urban settings. This qualitative study examined three years of cross-sector collaboration in “Midvale,” a rural community in the western United States. Applying the conceptual framework of social frontiers, it illuminates how issues of difference, competition, and resource constraint impacted cross-sector collaboration in Midvale’s rural context.

scholarly journals Application of Exploratory Modeling in Support of Transdisciplinary Inquiry: Regulation of Fishing Bycatch of Loggerhead Sea Turtles in Gulf of Ulloa, Mexico

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis A. Bojórquez-Tapia ◽  
Germán Ponce-Díaz ◽  
Daniela Pedroza-Páez ◽  
Antonio J. Díaz-de-León ◽  
Francisco Arreguín-Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sea Turtle ◽  
United States Government ◽  
Technological Problem ◽  
Multiple Use ◽  
Advocacy Groups ◽  
Legal Provisions ◽  
Wide Range

The fishing bycatch of the loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) epitomizes the challenges of designing fisheries management strategies to protect highly migratory, endangered species. We present here the case of turtle bycatch in the Gulf of Ulloa, Mexico, in which conservation advocacy groups requested the United States Government to apply the legal provisions for preventing fishing bycatch of protected living marine resources (PLMR). Because these provisions implied the possibility of trade sanctions, the Mexican government had to devise policies equivalent to those imposed on the United States’ fleet. While conservation advocacy groups claimed that the effect of fishing bycatch was proven, the federal fisheries agency disregarded the facts for political reasons. Evidently, there was a need for a practical approach to address this highly contested policy-making problem characterized by limited data, deep uncertainties, and urgency for results. Our goal here is to present the implementation of an exploratory modeling rationale to tackle this sort of complex socio-ecological technological problem. We focused on identifying the bycatch level at which the environmental authorities would be compelled by law to act in protecting the loggerheads. We combined ecological risk analysis and area-oriented multiple-use framework to evaluate a wide range of plausible scenarios consistent with the available data. Results identified the bycatch level that indicated a potential critical transition to a low resilience state of the loggerhead population, and the proper multiple-use management scheme. Our findings were used to formulate regulations aimed to set a bycatch cap and a refuge area for the loggerhead population in the region.

The punitive consequences of organizational structures in England, France and the United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
DANIEL J. D'AMICO ◽  
CLAUDIA WILLIAMSON
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Organizational Structures ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rent Seeking ◽  
Legal Institutions ◽  
Commercial Law ◽  
Path Dependencies ◽  
Legal Structures

AbstractWe develop a framework for understanding how legal structures relate to imprisonment. We hypothesize that relatively more hierarchy within criminal justice institutions, compared to commercial law, fosters higher rates of incarceration. Our framework predicts that incarceration reflects asymmetric opportunities for rent seeking across differently organized legal institutions. Instead of comparing criminal justice institutions across nations in absolute terms, we investigate the relative degrees of institutional centralization across legal spheres. To provide support, we document the separate historical experiences that shaped divergent organizations across England and France. Within each country, criminal legal institutions developed inverse organizational traits from commercial legal processes. As a result, the contrasting organizations created asymmetric opportunities for rent seeking. Divergent contemporary outcomes can be understood by recognizing these initial organizational choices, the relative opportunities they created, and their subsequent path dependencies. We document contemporary England, France, and the United States’ incarceration trends and penal outcomes to provide empirical support.

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