Convenient blending of alginate fibers with polyamide fibers for flame-retardant non-woven fabrics

Thermoplastic processing and spinning of native starch is very challenging due to (a) the linear and branched polymers (amylose and amylopectin) present in its structure and (b) the presence of inter-and-intramolecular hydrogen bond linkages in its macromolecules that restrict the molecular chain mobility. Therefore, in this study, oxidized starch (OS) (obtained after oxidation of native starch with sodium perborate) was melt-blended with polylactic acid (PLA) polymer to prepare PLA/OS blends that were then mixed together with ammonium polyphosphate (APP), a halogen-free flame retardant (FR) used as acid donor in intumescent formulations on twin-screw extruder to prepare PLA/OS/APP composites. OS with different concentrations also served as bio-based carbonic source in intumescent formulations. PLA/OS/APP composites were melt spun to multifilament fibers on pilot scale melt-spinning machine and their crystallinity and mechanical properties were optimized by varying spinning parameters. The crystallinity of the fibers was studied by differential scanning calorimetry and thermal stabilities were analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis. Scanning electron microscopy was used to investigate the surface morphology and dispersion of the additives in the fibers. Needle-punched non-woven fabrics from as prepared melt-spun PLA/OS/APP fibers were developed and their fire properties such as heat release rate, total heat release, time to ignition, residual mass % etc. by cone calorimetry test were measured. It was found that PLA/OS/APP composites can be melt spun to multifilament fibers and non-woven flame-retardant fabrics produced thereof can be used in industrial FR applications.

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Effect of Zinc Borate on Flammability of PET Woven Fabrics

Advances in Polymer Technology ◽

10.1155/2019/7150736 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mustafa E. Üreyen ◽

Elif Kaynak

Keyword(s):

Flame Retardant ◽

Synergistic Effects ◽

Fire Retardant ◽

Woven Fabrics ◽

Zinc Borate ◽

Limit Oxygen Index ◽

Wet Milling ◽

Cone Calorimetry ◽

Production Values ◽

Submicron Scale

Zinc borate (ZnB) has been used as a flame retardant, a smoke suppressant, and an antitracking agent in several applications. It may show synergistic effects with antimony oxide and metal hydroxides in fire retardant systems. In this work, the effect of ZnB on the flame retardancy of PET (poly(ethylene terephthalate)) woven fabrics was investigated. In order to provide the homogenous application of ZnB to the fabrics, the particle size of ZnB powders was reduced from 9 μm to submicron scale by wet-milling with zirconia balls followed by high shear fluid processing. ZnB dispersion was mixed with low-formaldehyde melamine resin based cross-linking agent and it was applied to PET fabrics by pad dry cure method. ZnB dispersion was then added in different ratios to alkyl phosphonate and organophosphorus compound based commercial flame retardant finishing agents and applied to the fabrics. The effect of zinc borate with phosphorus based flame retardant (FR) finishing agents was examined by cone calorimetry under a heat flux of 35 kW/m2, vertical flame test, and limit oxygen index. Thermogravimetric analysis was performed up to 800°C under N2 flow. Test results show that zinc borate can be combined with the organophosphorus based commercial FR finishing agents. Zinc borate could not improve the flammability properties of PET fabrics significantly but decreased mean CO, total smoke release, and total smoke production values.

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Flame-Retardant and Wear Comfort Properties of Modacrylic/FR-Rayon/Anti-static PET Blend Yarns and Their Woven Fabrics for Clothing

Fibers and Polymers ◽

10.1007/s12221-018-1087-3 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 19 (9) ◽

pp. 1869-1879 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Hyun Ah Kim ◽

Seung Jin Kim

Keyword(s):

Flame Retardant ◽

Woven Fabrics ◽

Wear Comfort

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Influence of Calcium Ion on Thermal Degradation and Flame Retardance Behaviour of Alginate Fiber

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.631-632.447 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 631-632 ◽

pp. 447-451

Author(s):

Guang Xiu Tian ◽

Quan Ji ◽

Feng Yu Quan ◽

Yan Zhi Xia

Keyword(s):

Thermal Degradation ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Calcium Ion ◽

Calcium Alginate ◽

Combustion Process ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

Metallic Salts ◽

Flame Retardant Properties ◽

Alginate Fibers ◽

Alginate Fiber

Experimental research on calcium alginate fibers thermal degradation and flame retardancy under catalysis of metallic salts was done by limiting oxygen index (LOI), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TG) methods. LOI results show that with increasing calcium ions content, the flame retardant properties of the calcium alginate fibers improves further. The residues of calcium alginate fibers gradually retained fiber shape and on the surface of the residues the holes reduced, with the calcium ion content increasing. TG indicates temperature at maximum rate of weight loss (T-max) was clearly shifted from 246 °C for alginic acid fibers to 244°C, 236°C, 208°C, 205 °C and 203°C (SCa-1-1# calcium alginate fibers, SCa-2-2# calcium alginate fibers, SCa-3-3# calcium alginate fibers, SCa-4-4# calcium alginate fibers, SCa-5-5# calcium alginate fibers), respectively. The thermal degradation residues at 1000°C for different calcium alginate fibers are 13.7%, 16.1%, 17.2%, 18.2%, 18.4%, 19.2%, separately. Further discussion of the combustion process and flame retardant mechanism is presented.

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Tactile hand and wear comfort of flame-retardant rayon/anti-static polyethylene terephthalate imbedded woven fabrics

Textile Research Journal ◽

10.1177/0040517519837729 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 89 (21-22) ◽

pp. 4658-4669

Author(s):

Hyun Ah Kim

Keyword(s):

Flame Retardant ◽

Woven Fabrics ◽

Thermal Manikin ◽

Testing System ◽

Bending Rigidity ◽

Wear Comfort ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Thermal Wear ◽

Lower Heat ◽

Subject Experiment

This study examined the thermal wear comfort of clothing made from flame-retardant (FR) rayon- and cotton-blended fabric using a thermal manikin and wearer trials. In addition, the tactile hand property of the FR rayon-blended fabric was predicted and compared with that of the cotton-blended one using the Fabric Assurance Simple Testing system. The FR rayon-blended fabric exhibited a lower heat insulation rate than that of the cotton-blended one in the thermal manikin experiment and lower microclimate humidity during 40 min walking in the human subject experiment. The FR rayon-blended fabric was more extensible than the cotton-blended one, with a lower bending rigidity and shear modulus. This study showed that FR rayon-blended fabric has better thermal wear comfort and a superior tactile hand feel compared with the cotton-blended one, without any significant difference of pilling compared to the cotton-blended modacrylic one.

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Flame Retardancy and Pyrolysis Products of Calcium Alginate Fibers

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.441.346 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 441 ◽

pp. 346-350 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Chuan Jie Zhang ◽

Ping Zhu ◽

Jin Chao Zhao ◽

Nan Nan Zhang

Keyword(s):

Thermal Degradation ◽

Heat Release ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Sodium Alginate ◽

Calcium Alginate ◽

Cotton Fibers ◽

Pyrolysis Products ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

Combustion Properties ◽

Alginate Fibers

The combustion properties, flame retardant property, thermal degradation and component of pyrolysis products of calcium alginate fibers were investigated in this paper. The limiting oxygen index value of calcium alginate fibers was 34.4 showing no combustion in the air. The fiber extinguishes instantly when it is moved away from the fire. During the combustion process, the heat release rates (HRR), effective heat combustion (EHC) and total heat release (THR) of calcium alginate fibers were lower than those of cotton fibers, but higher than those of sodium alginate. The carbon dioxide yield rate of calcium alginate fibers was higher than that of cotton fibers but lower than that of sodium alginate. Calcium carbonate and calcium hydroxide, which are beneficial to hamper fibers combustion and diffusion of heat and oxygen, were formed during thermal degradation of calcium alginate fibers. There were 15 kinds of pyrolysis products in gas phase of calcium alginate fibers at 350°C and 45 kinds at 700 °C, while there were 26 kinds of pyrolysis products of sodium alginate at 350°C and 26 kinds at 700°C. Based on a series of study, the flame retardant mechanism of calcium alginate fibers was analyzed.

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