scholarly journals Effect of Zinc Borate on Flammability of PET Woven Fabrics

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustafa E. Üreyen ◽  
Elif Kaynak
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Woven Fabrics ◽  
Zinc Borate ◽  
Limit Oxygen Index ◽  
Wet Milling ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Production Values ◽  
Submicron Scale

Zinc borate (ZnB) has been used as a flame retardant, a smoke suppressant, and an antitracking agent in several applications. It may show synergistic effects with antimony oxide and metal hydroxides in fire retardant systems. In this work, the effect of ZnB on the flame retardancy of PET (poly(ethylene terephthalate)) woven fabrics was investigated. In order to provide the homogenous application of ZnB to the fabrics, the particle size of ZnB powders was reduced from 9 μm to submicron scale by wet-milling with zirconia balls followed by high shear fluid processing. ZnB dispersion was mixed with low-formaldehyde melamine resin based cross-linking agent and it was applied to PET fabrics by pad dry cure method. ZnB dispersion was then added in different ratios to alkyl phosphonate and organophosphorus compound based commercial flame retardant finishing agents and applied to the fabrics. The effect of zinc borate with phosphorus based flame retardant (FR) finishing agents was examined by cone calorimetry under a heat flux of 35 kW/m2, vertical flame test, and limit oxygen index. Thermogravimetric analysis was performed up to 800°C under N2 flow. Test results show that zinc borate can be combined with the organophosphorus based commercial FR finishing agents. Zinc borate could not improve the flammability properties of PET fabrics significantly but decreased mean CO, total smoke release, and total smoke production values.

Thermal characterization and flammability of polypropylene containing sepiolite-APP combinations

e-Polymers ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 341-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elif Kaynak ◽  
Mustafa Erdem Ureyen ◽  
Ali Savaş Koparal
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Thermal Analyses ◽  
Fire Behavior ◽  
Thermal Characterization ◽  
Limit Oxygen Index ◽  
Wet Milling ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Peak Heat Release Rate ◽  
Twin Screw ◽  
Higher Temperature

AbstractThe effects of sepiolite on fire behavior of ammonium polyphosphate-based intumescent flame retardant (IFR)/polypropylene (PP) were investigated. The disaggregation of sepiolite bundles has been provided by wet-milling as the zeta potential value decreased from −9.6 to −31.3 mV. PP and additives were compounded by a twin-screw extruder and molded by injection. A total additive content of 20 wt% in PP and various proportions of sepiolite (1.0–10.0 wt%) in flame retardant (FR) formulation were studied. The flammability of the samples was measured by limit oxygen index (LOI) test and cone calorimetry. The LOI of neat PP (19%) was increased to 32.2% when sepiolite and IFR were used. The peak heat release rate of neat PP (1566.4 kW/m2) was also significantly reduced (94.7 kW/m2) when sepiolite was added with IFR. Thermal analyses results showed that, at higher temperature (700°C), IFR and sepiolite increased the char residue (9 wt%) compared to neat PP (0 wt%).

Synergistic Effects of Nanoporous Nickel Phosphates VSB-1 on Intumescent Flame Retardant Polypropylene Composites

2014 ◽  
Vol 881-883 ◽  
pp. 863-866
Author(s):  
Chao Peng ◽  
Shi Bin Nie ◽  
Lei Liu ◽  
Qi Lin He ◽  
Yuan Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Intumescent Flame Retardant ◽  
Total Heat Release ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Polypropylene Composites ◽  
Intumescent Flame Retardants ◽  
Nickel Phosphates

Nanoporous nickel phosphates (VSB-1) was synthesized by hydrothermal method. Then VSB-1 was added to the ammonium polyphosphate and pentaerythritol system in polypropylene (PP) matrix.The synergistic effect of VSB-1 with intumescent flame retardants (IFR) was studied by cone calorimetry test. The results of cone calorimetry show that heat release rate peak (pHRR) and total heat release (THR) of intumescent flame retardant PP with 2wt% VSB-1 decrease remarkably compared with that of without VSB-1. The pHRR and THR decrease respectively from 1140 to 286.0 kW/m2, and from 96.0 to 63.2 MJ/m2.

scholarly journals Flame-retardancy and smoke suppression characteristics of bamboo impregnated with silicate-intercalated calcium aluminum hydrotalcates

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 1311-1324
Author(s):  
Yating Hua ◽  
Chungui Du ◽  
Huilong Yu ◽  
Ailian Hu ◽  
Rui Peng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Smoke Suppression ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Carbon Monoxide Yield

Flame-retardant silicate-intercalated calcium aluminum hydrotalcites (CaAl-SiO3-LDHs) were synthesized to treat bamboo for retardancy, to overcome the bamboo’s flammability and reduce the production of toxic smoke during combustion. The microstructure, elemental composition, flame retardancy, and smoke suppression characteristics of the bamboo before and after the fire-retardant treatment with different pressure impregnation were studied using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), elemental analysis (EDX), and cone calorimetry. It was found that CaAl-SiO3-LDHs flame retardants can effectively fill and cover the cell wall surface and the cell cavity of bamboo without damaging the microstructure. As compared to the non-flame-retardant bamboo, the heat release rate (HRR) of the CaAl-SiO3-LDHs flame-retardant bamboo was significantly reduced, the total heat release (THR) decreased by 31.3%, the residue mass increased by 51.4%, the time to ignition (TTI) delay rate reached 77.8%, the mass loss rate (MLR) decreased, and the carbon formation improved. Additionally, as compared to the non-flame-retardant bamboo, the total smoke release (TSR) of the CaAl-SiO3-LDHs flame-retardant bamboo decreased by 38.9%, and the carbon monoxide yield (YCO) approached zero. Thus, the CaAl-SiO3-LDHs flame-retardant bamboo has excellent flame-retardancy and smoke suppression characteristics.

Synergistic effects of intumescent flame retardant and nano-CaCO3 on foamability and flame-retardant property of polypropylene composites foams

2017 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 615-631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Depeng ◽  
Li Chixiang ◽  
Jiang Xiulei ◽  
Liu Tao ◽  
Zhao Ling
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Stress Concentration ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Crystallization Rate ◽  
Intumescent Flame Retardant ◽  
Limit Oxygen Index ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Polypropylene Composites ◽  
Flame Retardant Property

Synergistic effects of intumescent flame retardant and nano-CaCO3 on foamability and flame retardant property of polypropylene composites and their foams were carefully investigated. The differential scanning calorimetry results showed that the intumescent flame retardant played a plasticizing effect on the polypropylene/intumescent flame-retardant composites and accelerated the crystallization rate. The rheological properties and supercritical CO2-assisted molding foaming behaviors of the polypropylene/intumescent flame retardant/nano-CaCO3 composites showed that the nano-CaCO3 could enhance their foamability. Scanning electron microscopy pictures and mechanical properties of the polypropylene/intumescent flame-retardant composites foams indicated that the agglomeration of intumescent flame retardant would reduce the cell uniformity and even cause the cell collapse. Furthermore, the stress concentration, caused by the agglomeration, could reduce the mechanical properties of the PP composites foams. The synergistic effect of the nano-CaCO3 could improve the cell uniformity and reduce the stress concentration so that the mechanical properties of the polypropylene/intumescent flame retardant /nano-CaCO3 composites foams were improved. Moreover, the polypropylene/intumescent flame retardant/nano-CaCO3 composites foams had the higher limit oxygen index values than the polypropylene/intumescent flame-retardant foams. TGA results also showed that the nano-CaCO3 could improve the thermal stability of the polypropylene composites foams by forming compact carbon layer. The experimental results indicated that the foamability of the polypropylene composites and the flame-retardant property of their foams could be improved by the synergistic effects of intumescent flame retardant and nano-CaCO3.

Synergistic Effects of Titanium Dioxide and Zinc Borate on Thermal Degradation and Water Resistance of Epoxy Based Intumescent Fire Retardant Coatings

2017 ◽  
Vol 740 ◽  
pp. 41-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norlaili Amir ◽  
Faiz Ahmad ◽  
Muhammad Hazwan Abdul Halim ◽  
Qandeel Fatima Gillani ◽  
Puteri S.M. Megat Yusoff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Titanium Dioxide ◽  
Water Resistance ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Steel Substrate ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Zinc Borate ◽  
Expandable Graphite ◽  
Bunsen Burner

Abstract. This studies discuss the synergistic effects of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc borate on thermal stability and water resistance of intumescent fire retardant coatings. TiO2 in association with a traditional intumescent flame retardant system which contains ammonium polyphosphate/expandable graphite/melamine/ zinc borate (APP–EG–MEL-ZB) was introduced to epoxy based coatings to improve the fire resistance. The influences of TiO2 on the properties of the coatings were investigated in detail by using Bunsen burner fire test, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and water immersion test. Bunsen burner test revealed that incorporation of titanium dioxide in intumescent formulation reduced the steel substrate temperature from 240 °C to 116 °C. The TGA results proved that addition of TiO2 could enhance the anti-oxidation of the char layers and increase the residue weights of the coatings. The FESEM images demonstrated that addition of TiO2 could improve the foam structure of the char residue. Sea water resistance test demonstrated that the optimum mass % age of TiO2 (6%) exhibited great synergism with natural anti-corrosion agent, zinc borate, and improved corrosion resistance performance of intumescent coating formulations.

scholarly journals Investigations of Flame Retardant Properties of Zinc Borate Accompanying with Huntite and Hydromagnesite in Polymer Composites

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hüsnügül YILMAZ ATAY ◽  
Öykü İÇİN ◽  
Buket KURU
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Polymer Materials ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Zinc Borate ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Polypropylene Composites ◽  
Twin Screw ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties

Fires have been a danger to human beings for the centuries. As people lost their lives and property in fires, they tried to fight the fire and their efforts in this area continued increasingly. Unfortunately, it is still not possible to completely reset the risk of starting the fire. But it seems likely to extinguish immediately after the fire has started, and this is very important to save people’s lives. Scientists have been working in this field in recent years; they are concentrated on producing fire-resistant materials using different materials. This can be provided by different ways; either fire-resistant material can be produced new, or the fire resistivity can be provided by incorporating the additive material into a flammable material. In our previous studies, we used huntite and hydromagnesite minerals to give fire resistance property to polymer materials, very successful results were obtained. In this study, huntite and hydromagnesite minerals were used for accompanying with zinc borate in polypropylene composites in order to increase the flame retardant property of a polymeric materials. Different content of minerals were blended with polypropylene, and composites were produced by twin-screw extruder for observing synergistic effect. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses were conducted to determine the structural and morphological properties of the composites. Thermal properties were determined according to thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Tensile and three point bending tests were carried out to obtain mechanical properties. Flame retardant performance was evaluated according to UL 94 vertically flammability test. It was concluded that very good synergistic effects were obtained that zinc borate was significantly influential with huntite/hydromagnesite in the flammability characteristics of composites because higher char formation is observed with zinc borate addtion. Moreover, the zinc borate reduced the smoke generated during combustion.

Improving Flame Retardancy of Epoxy Resin Nanocomposites by Carbon Nanotubes Grafted CuAl-Layered Double Hydroxide Hybrid

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 6406-6412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huiyu Cai ◽  
Fangchao Peng ◽  
Yixi Wang ◽  
Junyan Yi ◽  
Xingwei Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Layered Double Hydroxide ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
3D Structure ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Limit Oxygen Index ◽  
Ep Matrix ◽  
Double Hydroxide

To solve the issues of the poor dispersion performance of the inorganic flame retardant filler in epoxy resin (EP) matrix, the three-dimensional (3D) hybrid carbon nanotubes-copper aluminum (sodium dodecyl sulfate)-layered double hydroxide (CNTs-OLDH) is designed and synthesized by co-precipitation. The results indicate that the CNTs-OLDH hybrid with 3D-structure is successfully fabricated and well dispersed in EP matrix. The thermostability of EP/CNTs-OLDH nanocomposites is raised and the residue is obviously increased. When the amount of CNTs-OLDH is only 4 wt%, limit oxygen index value of EP/CNTs-OLDH nanocomposites reaches 28.5. Compared with pure EP, the heat release, smoke and gas of EP/FePP nanocomposites are inhibited by CNTs-OLDH hybrid, and the PHRR, THR and SPR values of EP/4CNTs-OLDH nanocomposites decrease by 41.7%, 27.8% and 31.7%. The improved fire retardant performances and thermal stability are attributed to the excellent homogeneous dispersion, the network structure formed by the 3D hybrid in the matrix and the outstanding flame retardant effect of CNTs and OLDH.

scholarly journals Various Combinations of Flame Retardants for Poly (vinyl chloride)

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 980-987
Author(s):  
Ayşe Çetin ◽  
S.Gamze Erzengin ◽  
F. Burcu Alp
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Thermal Analyses ◽  
Thermal Characteristics ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Heat Stability ◽  
Softening Temperature ◽  
Zinc Borate ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index

AbstractVarious combinations of zinc borate (ZB), alumina trihydrate (ATH) and magnesium hydroxide (MH) were used to retard the flammability of PVC composite. Flame retardancy of samples were investigated with limiting oxygen index (LOI) test. Further testing was achieved to expose the individual and synergistic effects of flame retardant additives on heat stability, Vicat softening temperature, fusion time, microstructure, mechanical and thermal characteristics. Microstructural and thermal analyses were performed by scanning electron microscopy and TG/DTA respectively. The LOI results showed that, high levels of ZB-ATH combination provided the highest LOI value of 53.4%. Although ZB and its combinations improved the fire performances of composites, they caused a small reduction at tensile strengths. When compared with plain PVC, flame retardant composites had better thermal stability. In addition to the advantages of ZB, when test results were evaluated with a holistic approach ZB-ATH-MH combination was understood to be an effective flame retardant alternative with this research.

scholarly journals Flame Retardancy of Lightweight Sandwich Composites

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. 274
Author(s):  
Fabienne Samyn ◽  
Roland Adanmenou ◽  
Serge Bourbigot ◽  
Sophie Duquesne ◽  
Maude Jimenez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Unsaturated Polyester ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Core Material ◽  
Sandwich Composite ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Flame Retarded

This study proposes an innovative solution to flame-retard a sandwich composite made of unsaturated polyester resin, glass fibre skins and polyester nonwoven core material. The strategy uses the core material as flame-retardant carrier, while the resin is also flame-retarded with aluminum trihydroxide (ATH). A screening of the fire-retardant performances of the core materials, covered with different types of phosphorous flame-retardant additives (phosphate, phosphinate, phosphonate), was performed using cone calorimetry. The best candidate was selected and evaluated in the sandwich panel. Great performances were obtained with ammonium polyphosphate (AP422) at 262 g/m2. The core material, when tested alone, did not ignite, and when used in the laminate, improved the fire behaviour by decreasing the peak of heat release rate (pHRR) and the total heat release (THR): the second peak in HRR observed for the references (full glass monolith and sandwich with the untreated core) was suppressed in this case. This improvement is attributed to the interaction occurring between the two FR additives, which leads to the formation of aluminophosphates, as shown using Electron Probe Micro-Analysis (EPMA), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and solid-state 31P Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). The influence of the FR add-on on the core, as well as the ATH loading in the matrix, was studied separately to optimize the material performances in terms of smoke and heat release. The best compromise was obtained using AP422 at 182 g/m2 and 160 phr of ATH.

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