Cellulose fiber biodegradation in natural waters: river water, brackish water, and seawater

Cellulose ◽  
2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryo Nagamine ◽  
Kayoko Kobayashi ◽  
Ryosuke Kusumi ◽  
Masahisa Wada
Keyword(s):  
River Water ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Natural Waters ◽  
Cellulose Fiber

scholarly journals Sunlight Inactivation of Fecal Indicator Bacteria and Bacteriophages from Waste Stabilization Pond Effluent in Fresh and Saline Waters

2002 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 1122-1131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lester W. Sinton ◽  
Carollyn H. Hall ◽  
Philippa A. Lynch ◽  
Robert J. Davies-Colley
Keyword(s):  
River Water ◽  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Natural Waters ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Somatic Coliphages ◽  
Stabilization Pond ◽  
Waste Stabilization Pond ◽  
Waste Stabilization ◽  
Photooxidative Damage ◽  
Wide Range

ABSTRACT Sunlight inactivation in fresh (river) water of fecal coliforms, enterococci, Escherichia coli, somatic coliphages, and F-RNA phages from waste stabilization pond (WSP) effluent was compared. Ten experiments were conducted outdoors in 300-liter chambers, held at 14°C (mean river water temperature). Sunlight inactivation (k S) rates, as a function of cumulative global solar radiation (insolation), were all more than 10 times higher than the corresponding dark inactivation (k D) rates in enclosed (control) chambers. The overall k S ranking (from greatest to least inactivation) was as follows: enterococci > fecal coliforms ≥ E. coli > somatic coliphages > F-RNA phages. In winter, fecal coliform and enterococci inactivation rates were similar but, in summer, enterococci were inactivated far more rapidly. In four experiments that included freshwater-raw sewage mixtures, enterococci survived longer than fecal coliforms (a pattern opposite to that observed with the WSP effluent), but there was little difference in phage inactivation between effluents. In two experiments which included simulated estuarine water and seawater, sunlight inactivation of all of the indicators increased with increasing salinity. Inactivation rates in freshwater, as seen under different optical filters, decreased with the increase in the spectral cutoff (50% light transmission) wavelength. The enterococci and F-RNA phages were inactivated by a wide range of wavelengths, suggesting photooxidative damage. Inactivation of fecal coliforms and somatic coliphages was mainly by shorter (UV-B) wavelengths, a result consistent with photobiological damage. Fecal coliform repair mechanisms appear to be activated in WSPs, and the surviving cells exhibit greater sunlight resistance in natural waters than those from raw sewage. In contrast, enterococci appear to suffer photooxidative damage in WSPs, rendering them susceptible to further photooxidative damage after discharge. This suggests that they are unsuitable as indicators of WSP effluent discharges to natural waters. Although somatic coliphages are more sunlight resistant than the other indicators in seawater, F-RNA phages are the most resistant in freshwater, where they may thus better represent enteric virus survival.

Coliphages and enteric viruses in the particulate phase of river water

1988 ◽  
Vol 34 (7) ◽  
pp. 907-910 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Payment ◽  
Eric Morin ◽  
Michel Trudel
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
River Water ◽  
Suspended Particulate Matter ◽  
Natural Waters ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Particulate Phase ◽  
Water Treatment Plants ◽  
Suspended Particulate ◽  
Viral Adsorption

The present study was undertaken to determine if indigenous enteric viruses and coliphages are free or associated with suspended particulate matter in natural waters. River water was filtered on filters of decreasing porosities (100–0.25 μm) that were pretreated with detergent to eliminate viral adsorption while retaining particulates. This filtered water was refiltered in virus-adsorbing conditions to retain free viruses. The virus-adsorbing filter retained most of the enteric viruses (77.4%) and coliphages (65.8%), which indicated that these viruses were probably free or associated with particles with a diameter of less than 0.25 μm. These observations are important because in water treatment plants small particulates are often the most difficult to eliminate.

Speciation of EDTA in Natural Waters: Exchange Kinetics of Fe-EDTA in River Water

1995 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanbin. Xue ◽  
Laura. Sigg ◽  
Franz Guenter. Kari
Keyword(s):  
River Water ◽  
Natural Waters ◽  
Exchange Kinetics ◽  
Kinetics Of

Heavy Metal Binding Components of River Water

1975 ◽  
Vol 32 (10) ◽  
pp. 1755-1766 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Ramamoorthy ◽  
D. J. Kushner
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Fulvic Acid ◽  
River Water ◽  
Metal Binding ◽  
Natural Waters ◽  
Binding Capacity ◽  
Binding Constants ◽  
Binding Ability ◽  
Ottawa River ◽  
Almost All

Ion-specific electrodes were used to measure the heavy metal (HM) binding capacity of river waters near Ottawa. Binding capacity was measured in unfiltered water and in water passed through filters retaining particles (0.45 μm) and macromolecules of molecular weight (MW) 45,000, 16,000 and 1,400. In the most studied water samples, almost all the Hg2+-binding ability passed through the smallest filter. Filters of different pore sizes retained substantial fractions of the binding ability towards other HM ions. Binding strengths and conditional binding constants were calculated for each HM ion and low MW Ottawa River water components.Binding in Ottawa River water was not due to HCO3− or CO32− ions; in the Rideau Canal, and probably in other bodies of water, such ions caused a substantial amount of binding. After complete ashing of Ottawa River water and reconstitution with deionized water almost all the HM binding ability was lost; thus, an organic compound(s) is responsible for binding.The binding pattern towards different HM ions of fulvic acid isolated from soil was different from that of unfiltered or filtered Ottawa River water. Fulvic acid is not the sole binding component of this water. These experiments suggest a way of assessing the importance of fulvic acid and other humic substances in HM binding by natural waters.

scholarly journals River Waters Hardness Variations on the Territory of the Republic of Tatarstan

2020 ◽  
pp. 94-104
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
River Water ◽  
Natural Waters ◽  
Geological Structure ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
River Waters ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Zone Of Influence ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Given

One of the main criteria for river water quality is overall hardness, the value of which determines its suitability for use in various sectors of the national economy.Availability of the many-year information about the magnitude of the overall hardness of the river waters of the Republic of Tatarstan served as the basis for analyzing its changes in time and space. As an integral indicator, the average annual value of the overall hardness is chosen, the distribution of which throughout the territory of the Republic is clearly reflected in the given skeleton maps. A comparative analysis of the total hardness of river waters, observed in the XX and XXI centuries, showed that its value remained within the category of moderate, medium hardness and hard waters, but there was a redistribution of these values in space. Since the formation of rigidity largely depends on local features of the territory and, first of all, on the heterogeneity of the geological structure of the basin, the analysis of its changes was made commensurate with the geological structure of the three large geographical regions of the Republic of Tatarstan − Pre-Volga, Pre-Kama and Zakamye.The formation of hardness is also influenced by the anthropogenic factor. In the zone of influence of large reservoirs, created in the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan, a rise in the level of groundwater is observed, changing not only the nature of the underground supply of water bodies of the Republic, but also the quality of river water. The redistribution of general hardness in the south-east of the republic is connected with the activities of oil enterprises, which make significant adjustments to the hydro/chemical composition of natural waters.

scholarly journals Investigation of factors of the appearance of odor in river water at the water intake of Rostov-On-Don

2021 ◽  
Vol 937 (2) ◽  
pp. 022060
Author(s):  
Denis Butko ◽  
Yana Lazareva ◽  
Marina Sharkova
Keyword(s):  
River Water ◽  
Natural Waters ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Organic Substances ◽  
Water Treatment Plants ◽  
Reagent Treatment ◽  
Don River ◽  
Carbonated Water ◽  
Altered Form

Abstract The paper presents a study of quality of natural waters and water in a centralized water supply system during the period of an increase in the “Smell” indicator in the spring of 2021. The chemical and physical properties of water, the results of quality and quantity of studying the variety I phytoplankton in the most difficult period of deterioration in quality of river water. Low water and exceeding MPC concentrations of organic substances in river water. The Don River causes altered form odorant substance as evidenced by the results of determination in water 1,2,3- t rihlorbenzol and geosmin, hexachloroethane and aniline shown in operation. Barrier function of reagent treatment methods used at water treatment plants in the lower reaches of the river. The Don River, even when combined with carbonated water, is deficient in odor-producing substances.

The advanced EctoSys electrolysis as an integral part of a ballast water treatment system

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (9) ◽  
pp. 2227-2234 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Echardt ◽  
A. Kornmueller
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
River Water ◽  
Hydroxyl Radicals ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Ballast Water ◽  
Treatment System ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Water Treatment System ◽  
Type Approval ◽  
Ballast Water Treatment

A full-scale 500 m3/h ballast water treatment system was tested according to the landbased type approval procedure of the International Maritime Organization (IMO). The system consists of disc filters followed by the advanced EctoSys electrolysis as an integral part for disinfection. The test water quality exceeded by far the minimum requirements for type approval testing. Due to the properties of the special electrodes used together with the striking disinfection effect, the disinfectants assumed to be produced inline by the EctoSys cell in river water were hydroxyl radicals, while in brackish water additionally chlorine and consequently the more stable bromine were formed. In river water, no residual oxidants could be detected in accordance with the assumed production of not responding, highly-reactive and short-living hydroxyl radicals. Accordingly, disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation was very low and close to the limit of quantification in river water. While in brackish water, initial residual oxidant concentrations were maximum 2 mg/L as chlorine and mostly brominated DBP (especially bromoform and bromate) were found. Overall considering this worst case test approach, the DBP concentrations of the treated effluents were below or in the range of the WHO Drinking Water Guideline values and therefore evaluated as acceptable for discharge to the environment. The stringent discharge standard by IMO concerning viable organisms was fully met in river and brackish water, proving the disinfection efficiency of the EctoSys electrolysis against smaller plankton and bacteria.

Learning from the Eco-Toxicology of Fire-Fighting Foams in Aquatic Organisms: Altered Eco-Toxicity of Sodium Alkyl Sulfonates on Green Paramecia and Medaka Fish Maintained in Different Waters

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 604-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaishi Goto ◽  
◽  
Hiroshi Takaichi ◽  
Tomonori Kawano ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
River Water ◽  
Natural Waters ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Fire Fighting ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Medaka Fish ◽  
Alkyl Sulfonates ◽  
Laboratory Water

A variety of ciliated and flagellated protozoan species have been used as bio-indicators of the eco-toxic impacts of polluting chemicals, especially in aquatic environments such as rivers, ponds, lakes, and wetlands. To date, both the short-term and long-term impacts of fire-fighting foams (FFFs) in aquatic (freshwater environment) and semi-aquatic (wetland) ecosystems have been assessed in laboratory-scale model assays and in biotope-based assays. Little attention has been given to the fact that water qualities, such as hardness, drastically alter the toxic actions of various chemicals against living aquatic organisms including fishes, algae, and other microbes, suggesting that the laboratory water often employed in toxicity assays for fishes and microorganisms might not reflect the actual impact of chemicals in the ecosystem. Therefore, for examining the toxicity of certain chemicals (chiefly detergent-based and soap-based FFFs) in aquatic organisms, we have previously proposed that a series of simple eco-toxicity tests using natural waters sampled from the natural organism’s habitats or blends of mineralcontaining water preparations mimicking the natural habitat waters be used in addition to tests in standard laboratory waters. Based on the knowledge of the eco-toxicity of FFFs obtained through past studies using model aquatic organisms such as green paramecia (Paramecium bursaria), we conducted a study aiming to uncover the toxic mechanism of sodium alkyl sulfonates, a series of synthetic detergents known as SAS, using a strain ofP. bursariaoriginally sampled from a river, both in laboratory water and habitat river water (river water from whereP. bursariawas collected; HRW). Here, we employedP. bursariamaintained in both a natural HRW-based assay medium and an ultrapure water-based low-mineral standard culturing medium for comparing the apparent toxicity of SAS. Data strongly suggested that the toxicities of most SAS detergents (alkyl chains shorter than 9 carbons or longer than 14 carbons) are minimized in the mineral-rich HRW compared to the commonly used UPW-based low-mineral ciliateculturing conditions. The toxicity of SAS members with moderate chain lengths, such as sodium dodecan sulfonate, tended to be minimized with elevated mineral content. A similar tendency was also observed in medaka fish, a tiny model fish.

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