The Treatment of Superior Responsibility in Colombia: Interpreting the Agreement Between the Colombian Government and the FARC†

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-107
Author(s):  
Héctor Olasolo ◽  
Jannluck Canosa Cantor
Keyword(s):  
Colombian Government ◽  
Superior Responsibility

scholarly journals Budget Impact Analysis of Anticoagulation Clinics in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation under Chronic Therapy with Oral Anticoagulants

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 215013272110002
Author(s):  
William Uribe-Arango ◽  
Juan Manuel Reyes Sánchez ◽  
Natalia Castaño Gamboa
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Impact Analysis ◽  
Budget Impact ◽  
Oral Anticoagulants ◽  
Anticoagulation Therapy ◽  
Group Versus ◽  
Cost Of Care ◽  
Chronic Therapy ◽  
Colombian Government ◽  
The Cost

Objectives To assess budget impact of the implementation of an anticoagulation clinic (AC) compared to usual care (UC), in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). Method A decision tree was designed to analyze the cost and events rates over a 1-year horizon. The patients were distributed according to treatment, 30% Direct Oral Anticoagulant (DOAC) regimens and the rest to warfarin. The thromboembolism and bleeding were derived from observational studies which demonstrated that ACs had important impact in reducing the frequency of these events compared with UC, due to higher adherence with DOACs and proportion of time in therapeutic range (TTR) with warfarin. Costs were derived from the transactional platform of Colombian government, healthcare authority reimbursement and published studies. The values were expressed in American dollars (USD). The exchanged rate used was COP $3.693 per dollar. Results During 1 year of follow-up, in a cohort of 228 patients there were estimated 48 bleedings, 6 thromboembolisms in AC group versus 84 bleedings, and 12 thromboembolisms events in patients receiving UC. Total costs related to AC were $126 522 compared with $141 514 in UC. The AC had an important reduction in the cost of clinical events versus UC ($52 085 vs $110 749) despite a higher cost of care facilities ($74 436 vs $30 765). A sensibility analysis suggested that in the 83% of estimations, the AC produced savings varied between $27 078 and $135 391. Conclusions This study demonstrated that AC compared with UC, produced an important savings in the oral anticoagulation therapy for patients with NVAF.

Reasonable Grounds Evidence Involving Sexual Violence in Darfur

2010 ◽  
Vol 35 (04) ◽  
pp. 881-917
Author(s):  
John Hagan ◽  
Richard Brooks ◽  
Todd Haugh
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Criminal Court ◽  
Reasonable Doubt ◽  
International Conflicts ◽  
Chain Of Command ◽  
Applied Social Science ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Social Science Evidence ◽  
Superior Responsibility

Internal and international conflicts can often involve a level of impunity that allows sexual violence to persist unchecked by military and political leaders. The recent reversal by an appeals panel at the International Criminal Court of a pretrial decision not to charge President al‐Bashir of Sudan with genocide in Darfur offers an important foundation for introducing new types of evidence that can increase the investigation and prosecution of sexual violence during conflicts. The reversal cited the incorrect use of the “beyond a reasonable doubt” standard when the lesser standard of “reasonable grounds” applied. Social science provides methods and measures that can be uniquely used to develop reasonable grounds evidence, for example, to demonstrate the roles of physical perpetrators acting together in horizontal relationships, as well as to establish the indirect participation through vertical relationships of higher‐level defendants, in a chain of command of superior responsibility. We illustrate these points by presenting social science evidence of the responsibility of President al‐Bashir and middle‐ and lower‐level figures in genocidal violence in Darfur.

Assessing superior responsibility

1969 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 177
Author(s):  
D.J. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Superior Responsibility

Assessing superior responsibility

1969 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 101 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.P. Sayers
Keyword(s):  
Superior Responsibility

scholarly journals Conservation in Countries with Multiple Crisis Factors: The Case of Los Katios National Natural Park, a World Humanity Heritage in Danger

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 28-40
Author(s):  
Johanna Fernández B ◽  
Kirstie Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
National Parks ◽  
Conservation Biology ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
World Heritage ◽  
Conservation Priorities ◽  
Natural Park ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
Colombian Government ◽  
Illegal Activities

Conservation biology aims to stop habitat loss and extinction of species. To achieve these goals there are several methods such as the establishment of natural reserves and national parks that in synthesis work as protected areas. However, the management of areas with high conservation priorities can be a challenge to conservation biology and all of the professionals involved in this process.The Colombian National Natural Park, Los Katios, hosts more than the 20% of Colombian biodiversity and is located in a region which is characterised as being one of the most biodiverse and endemic points on the planet. The park was declared a World Humanity Heritage Area in 1994 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and on the 8th of July 2009, the Colombian government solicited to the UNESCO World Heritage Committee the inclusion of the park on the list of World Heritage in Danger due to the pressures from illegal activities and inefficient surveillance in the area.Through the case of study of Los Katios National Natural Park, this review looks explores the extent to which the socio-economic situation and the internal crises of a country can influence the effectiveness of the conservation programs in protected areas. It also explains the relevance of National Natural Parks and the effects that some factors, such as violence; illegal crops; poverty; and environmental budget, can have on the performance of the conservation biology.This review concludes that the conservation of protected areas in countries with deep internal crises, such as in the case of Los Katios in Colombia, cannot be based solely on the fundamental conservation goals and that it is necessary to include government priorities and some strategies to counteract social issues as violence, poverty and insufficient funds when creating management plans.

scholarly journals Innovation in the Colombian Manufacturing Industry 2013-2014

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Etna Mercedes Bayona-Velásquez ◽  
Dayanna Sharonne Erazo-Ortiz ◽  
Eduard Fernando Martínez-González
Keyword(s):  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
International Market ◽  
Tax Incentives ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression Model ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Colombian Government ◽  
Para Determinar

The aim of this document is to determine whether public instruments (subsidies and tax deductions) applied by Colombian Government during the period 2013-2014, contributed to create innovations (output additionality effect) or they just stimulated the absorption of innovations in the domestic or international market by firms in the manufacturing sector. For this purpose, the author employed a sample of 2057 companies from Encuesta de Desarrollo e Innovación Tecnológica (EDIT VII) for estimating a negative binomial regression model. The fitted model evidences a positives relation between receiving tax incentives and innovating in goods and services for the international market. Likewise, receiving subsidies has a positive correlation regarding to innovate in the company. Finally, although the relation between the variables is not causal, the firms that receive subsidies, they achieve to absorb innovations in process, organizational methods related to goods and services in the domestic and international market. Furthermore, the companies that made use of tax incentives, they achieved a successfully position of their goods and services in the international market.En este documento se desarrolló un análisis de los instrumentos públicos (subvenciones y deducciones fiscales) aplicados por el gobierno colombiano durante los años 2013-2014, para determinar si estos contribuyeron a forjar innovaciones de producto (efecto output additionality) o únicamente estimularon la absorción de innovaciones del mercado nacional y/o internacional por parte de las firmas del sector manufacturero del país. Para este fin se tomó una muestra de 2.057 empresas de la Encuesta de Desarrollo e Innovación Tecnológica (EDIT VII) y se ajustó un modelo de regresión binomial negativa. El modelo ajustado muestra una relación positiva entre recibir incentivos tributarios e innovar en bienes o servicios para el mercado internacional, de igual forma recibir subsidios tiene una correlación positiva con innovar para la empresa. Se concluye que, aunque la relación establecida no es casual, las firmas que reciben subsidios consiguen absorber innovaciones en procesos, métodos organizativos bienes o servicios del mercado nacional o internacional, además las firmas que hicieron uso de los incentivos fiscales lograron colocar en el mercado internacional, bienes y/o servicios nuevos.Este documento apresenta uma análise dos instrumentos públicos (subsídios e deduções fiscais) aplicadas pelo governo colombiano para os anos de 2013-2014 foi desenvolvido para determinar se essas inovações ajudaram a forma do produto (output adicionalidade efeito) ou apenas a absorção estimulada inovações do mercado nacional e / ou internacional por parte das empresas do sector produtivo. Para este efeito, uma amostra de 2.057 empresas de desenvolvimento de Pesquisa e Inovação Tecnológica (EDIT VII) foi tomada e modelo de regressão binomial negativa foi ajustado. O modelo ajustado mostra uma relação positiva entre o recebimento de incentivos fiscais e inovação em produtos ou serviços para o mercado internacional, semelhante recebem subsídios é positivamente correlacionada com a inovação para a empresa. Conclui-se que, embora a relação estabelecida não é causal, as empresas que recebem subsídios obtidos absorver inovações em processos, bens métodos organizacionais ou serviços de mercado e as empresas que fizeram uso de incentivos fiscais conseguiu colocar no mercado internacional nacional ou internacional, bens e / ou serviços.

scholarly journals La mortalidad materna. El plan de choque del Gobierno Nacional, tiempo de hacer cambios Maternal mortality. Colombian government shock plan, time to make changes

2006 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 145-146
Author(s):  
Hernando Gaitán
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Mortality ◽  
Colombian Government

El artículo principal de este número de la Revista Colombiana de Obstetricia y Ginecología nos presenta el escenario de la mortalidad materna en Antioquia, Colombia. Este departamento de acuerdo a la encuesta nacional de demografía y salud se pude considerar como uno de los departamentos con los mejores indicadores de salud en el país, tales como: atención prenatal por médico, contenido del control prenatal, parto institucional y cobertura del programa de citología cervicovaginal. 1Este estudio nos muestra la mortalidad materna presente en las mejores condiciones de atención en el país, distantes de las condiciones reales en zonas como el litoral pacifico, la costa atlántica, los antiguos territorios nacionales y las áreas de concentración de desplazados, con grandes limitaciones de acceso a los servicios de salud.El estudio evalúa la mortalidad materna por hemorragia bajo el modelo de las 3 demoras, 2 nos muestra la importancia de la demora en recibir el cuidado apropiado, seguido por la demora en decidir acudir al médico cuando se presenta el embarazo o cuando se presentan signos de alarma. Por otra parte, aunque en menor proporción, sigue teniendo un efecto negativo la demora para acceder a los servicios de salud, ya sea por problemas de acceso y, ausencia de infraestructura.

scholarly journals Environmental entrepreneurship and public policy: the case of the Programa Emprender para la Vida (Entrepreneurship for Life Program)

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (61) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana María Arroyave Puerta ◽  
Flor Ángela Marulanda Valencia
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Public Policy ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
The Public ◽  
Colombian Government ◽  
Depth Interviews

Nowadays, several mega-trends capture the attention of governments, academia and the public in general given their implications for the quality of life and the development of nations. This work deals with two of them: entrepreneurship and environmental protection, as a result of research aimed at analyzing the processes, actors and results of the “Entrepreneurship for Life” Program led by the Valle de Aburrá Metropolitan Area, executed during the period from 2012 to 2015, in order to contribute to the improvement of public policies on eco-entrepreneurship. The methodology of the Synergy System1, applied by the Colombian Government, was used to appraise public policies. The required information was collected through in-depth interviews with the creator of the program, the entrepreneurs who benefited from it, officials of the entities involved and experts. Then, it was complemented by the analysis of documents such as minutes, reports and other sources. Among other results, it was evident that, although the public policy on environmental entrepreneurship is still incipient, the evaluated Program met the objectives for which it was created.

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