scholarly journals Mandevillian Virtues

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mandi Astola
Keyword(s):  
Recent Literature ◽  
Collective Intelligence ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Virtue Theory ◽  
Collective Good ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
The Core ◽  
Cognitive Traits ◽  
Collaborative Activities ◽  
Do So

AbstractStudies in collective intelligence have shown that suboptimal cognitive traits of individuals can lead a group to succeed in a collective cognitive task, in recent literature this is called mandevillian intelligence. Analogically, as Mandeville has suggested, the moral vices of individuals can sometimes also lead to collective good. I suggest that this mandevillian morality can happen in many ways in collaborative activities. Mandevillian morality presents a challenge for normative virtue theories in ethics. The core of the problem is that mandevillian morality implies that individual vice is, in some cases, valuable. However, normative virtue theories generally see vice as disvaluable. A consequence of this is that virtue theories struggle to account for the good that can emerge in a collective. I argue that normative virtue theories can in fact accommodate for mandevillian emergent good. I put forward three distinctive features that allow a virtue theory to do so: a distinction between individual and group virtues, a distinction between motivational and teleological virtues, and an acknowledgement of the normativity of “vicious” roles in groups.

Building an ECT Service: An Outcomes-Equivalent Approach

2005 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Little ◽  
Jo Munday ◽  
Martin Atkins
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Service Delivery ◽  
Electroconvulsive Therapy ◽  
Patient Selection ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Simple Approach ◽  
The Core ◽  
Practice Patient ◽  
Do So

Objective: Specific guidelines, ongoing controversies in technique and audit reviews have made clinicians wary about continuing in electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). This paper attempts to reassure practitioners by incorporating such changes into a simple approach to ECT based on outcomes equivalence. Method: A selected compilation of the recent literature was used to describe a model for starting and/or continuing an effective ECT service. Results: It was suggested that a useful way of approaching ECT service delivery is to focus on what is actually important, getting patients better, and to do so within the context and capability of each hospital. Conclusions: ECT is a changing field. Remaining true to the core principles of clinical practice, patient selection and technique, provides a basis for beginning, continuing and further developing an effective ECT service.

Unity and Multiplicity in Contract Law: From General Principles to Transaction-Types

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 537-570
Author(s):  
Peter Benson
Keyword(s):  
Choice Theory ◽  
Contract Law ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
The Core ◽  
General Conception ◽  
The One ◽  
Contractual Relation ◽  
Alternative Understanding ◽  
Do So ◽  
Basic Contract

Abstract Modern contract law is characterized by a certain kind of unity and multiplicity. On the one hand, it establishes fundamental principles that apply to all contracts in general. But at the same time, it specifies further principles and rules for particular kinds of contracts or transaction-types that mark out their distinctive features, incidents and effects. Clearly, a viable theory of contract law should be able to provide a suitable account of both aspects. The central critical contention of The Choice Theory of Contracts is that all prior approaches, in particular rights-based theories, have failed to do so. Indeed, Dagan and Heller argue that only a theory that explains the settled rules of contract law as teleologically oriented toward facilitating individuals’ pursuit of their different substantive goods, and thus as primarily power-conferring in this particularly robust sense, can provide the needed account. Such a theory, they believe, would be not only interpretatively accurate with respect to the actual law but also fully acceptable as a liberal view of contract. This Article challenges the core contentions of choice theory, suggesting why it may be unable to meet its own goal of explaining how contract law coherently specifies and integrates the general and specific dimensions of enforceable agreements. The Article looks into basic contract doctrines in order to specify a general conception of the contractual relation that can meet this desideratum and it sketches how, beginning with that conception, contract law unfolds a rich multiplicity of transaction-types. The resulting view is liberal but rights-based rather than teleological, and it proposes an alternative understanding of how the rules of contract law are power-conferring as well as duty-imposing.

scholarly journals Populism, Twitter, and COVID-19: Narrative, Fantasies, and Desires

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 294
Author(s):  
Laura Cervi ◽  
Fernando García ◽  
Carles Marín Lladó
Keyword(s):  
Text Analysis ◽  
Political Discourse ◽  
Social Reality ◽  
Ability To Work ◽  
The Core ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The People ◽  
Working People ◽  
The Government ◽  
Do So

During a global pandemic, the great impact of populist discourse on the construction of social reality is undeniable. This study analyzes the fantasmatic dimension of political discourse from Donald Trump’s and Jair Bolsonaro’s Twitter accounts between 1 March and 31 May. To do so, it applies a Clause-Based Semantic Text Analysis (CBSTA) methodology that categorizes speech in Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) triplets. The study findings show that in spite of the Coronavirus pandemic, the main beatific and horrific subjects remain the core populist signifiers: the people and the elite. While Bolsonaro’s narrative was predominantly beatific, centered on the government, Trump’s was mostly horrific, centered on the elite. Trump signified the pandemic as a subject and an enemy to be defeated, whereas Bolsonaro portrayed it as a circumstance. Finally, both leaders defined the people as working people, therefore their concerns about the pandemic were focused on the people’s ability to work.

Aphyllophorales in Australasia

2001 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter K. Buchanan
Keyword(s):  
Recent Literature ◽  
Research Interest ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Clavarioid Fungi ◽  
Polypore Fungi ◽  
Taxonomic Studies

Taxonomic knowledge of the Aphyllophorales of Australasia is reviewed. Recent literature is cited for groups of Aphyllophorales arranged pragmatically by type of hymenophore (polypore fungi (poroid and related lamellate taxa), corticioid, clavarioid, hydnoid, cantharelloid, cupuloid), along with numbers of recorded species, estimates of endemism and distinctive features of the Australasian mycota. With the partial exception of poroid and clavarioid fungi, the order is poorly known in the region. Their importance as pathogens, as sources of food and medicine and as arthropod associates is discussed, along with their relevance to biogeography. Although only limited collecting has been undertaken and few Australasian mycologists are actively researching these fungi, current preparation of checklists and recent taxonomic studies indicate renewed research interest.

How do Players and Developers of Citizen Science Games Conceptualize Skill Chains?

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (CHI PLAY) ◽  
pp. 1-29
Author(s):  
Josh Aaron Miller ◽  
Britton Horn ◽  
Matthew Guthrie ◽  
Jonathan Romano ◽  
Guy Geva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Citizen Science ◽  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Self Reflection ◽  
The Core ◽  
Big Picture ◽  
Prior Literature ◽  
Structure Of Knowledge

For citizen science games (CSGs) to be successful in advancing scientific research, they must effectively train players. Designing tutorials for training can be aided through developing a skill chain of required skills and their dependencies, but skill chain development is an intensive process. In this work, we hypothesized that free recall may be a simpler yet effective method of directly eliciting skill chains. We elicited 23 skill chains from players and developers and augmented our reflexive thematic analysis with 11 semi-structured interviews in order to determine how players and developers conceptualize skill trees and whether free recall can be used as an alternative to more resource-intensive cognitive task analyses. We provide three main contributions: (1) a comparison of skill chain conceptualizations between players and developers and across prior literature; (2) insights to the process of free recall in eliciting CSG skill chains; and (3) a preliminary toolkit of CSG skill-based design recommendations based on our findings. We conclude CSG developers should: give the big picture up front; embrace social learning and paratext use; reinforce the intended structure of knowledge; situate learning within applicable, meaningful contexts; design for discovery and self-reflection; and encourage practice and learning beyond the tutorial. Free recall was ineffective for determining a traditional skill chain but was able to elicit the core gameplay loops, tutorial overviews, and some expert insights.

Islamic Governance: Strategies for Relevance

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mei Chee Yung
Keyword(s):  
International Community ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Core ◽  
Brunei Darussalam ◽  
Agents Of Change ◽  
Governance Strategies ◽  
The Government ◽  
Functional Relevance ◽  
Common Understanding ◽  
Do So

Even though Islam is the official religion of Brunei Darussalam, more efforts are still needed to bolster functionality and relevance of Islam to the country, and implement an Islamic system of governance. This paper sets out to devise strategies in order to do so, to be implemented by three main stakeholders: Government civil service, the public and the international community. Five specific strategies are devised: formulate a single common understanding of Islamic governance; ensure commitment from top management; train and develop competence; engage the public; and engage the international community. The first three strategies relate to the Government, the fourth to the public, and the fifth to the international community. And at the core, of course, is Tauḥīd, or strong Faith, which would act as a guide to help individuals, the main agents of change, make appropriate decisions in accordance to the teachings of Islam, implement the five strategies to strengthen functional relevance of Islam in Brunei, and be able to work towards achieving the Maqāṣid of the Sharī’ah.

Articulating the Role of Artificial Intelligence in Collective Intelligence: A Transactive Systems Framework

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 670-674
Author(s):  
Pranav Gupta ◽  
Anita Williams Woolley
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Collective Memory ◽  
Collective Intelligence ◽  
Cognitive Architecture ◽  
Cognitive Resources ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Cognitive Architectures ◽  
The Core ◽  
Systems Framework

Human society faces increasingly complex problems that require coordinated collective action. Artificial intelligence (AI) holds the potential to bring together the knowledge and associated action needed to find solutions at scale. In order to unleash the potential of human and AI systems, we need to understand the core functions of collective intelligence. To this end, we describe a socio-cognitive architecture that conceptualizes how boundedly rational individuals coordinate their cognitive resources and diverse goals to accomplish joint action. Our transactive systems framework articulates the inter-member processes underlying the emergence of collective memory, attention, and reasoning, which are fundamental to intelligence in any system. Much like the cognitive architectures that have guided the development of artificial intelligence, our transactive systems framework holds the potential to be formalized in computational terms to deepen our understanding of collective intelligence and pinpoint roles that AI can play in enhancing it.

Social Activism in the ‘Blackosphere’

2011 ◽  
pp. 2286-2399
Author(s):  
Lynette Kvasny ◽  
Fay Cobb Payton ◽  
Kayla D. Hales
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Identity ◽  
Black People ◽  
Social Activism ◽  
Social Practices ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Internet Activism ◽  
Collaborative Activities ◽  
Underserved Groups ◽  
Do So

Using Denning’s model of Internet activism as a sensitizing framework, this chapter describes the manner in which Black bloggers (referred to as the ‘Blackosphere’) express and negotiate their ethnic identity online. We analyze discussions in the Blackosphere in response to the Jena 6 case to illustrate how the Internet has empowered Black people, changed media publicity, and served as a means of collaborative activities that support social activism. It is our hope that this chapter will encourage researchers to explore further how and why historically underserved groups engage in social activism on the Internet, and the various technologies and social practices they use to do so.

12. The constitution of the company: dealing with outsiders

Company Law ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 257-274
Author(s):  
Alan Dignam ◽  
John Lowry
Keyword(s):  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Do So

Titles in the Core Text series take the reader straight to the heart of the subject, providing focused, concise, and reliable guides for students at all levels. This chapter explores the legal aspects of transactions made with those outside the company (called outsiders or third parties), with emphasis on how they are determined to be legitimate and binding on the company. It also discusses the ultra vires doctrine and the three particular issues that make it a very tricky problem for the courts; the inclusion of the benefit of the company criterion to the ultra vires issue; the reform of ultra vires; and the application of the general principles of agency in determining whether the company is bound by a particular transaction. The chapter concludes by analysing reforms in the Companies Act 2006 concerning the authority of directors to bind the company or authorise others to do so.

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