scholarly journals The Habituation Process in Two Groups of Wild Moor Macaques (Macaca maura)

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clara Hernández Tienda ◽  
Bonaventura Majolo ◽  
Teresa Romero ◽  
Risma Illa Maulany ◽  
Putu Oka Ngakan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Behavior ◽  
Minimum Distance ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Neutral Group ◽  
Moor Macaques ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
High Standards

AbstractWhen studying animal behavior in the wild, some behaviors may require observation from a relatively short distance. In these cases, habituation is commonly used to ensure that animals do not perceive researchers as a direct threat and do not alter their behavior in their presence. However, habituation can have significant effects on the welfare and conservation of the animals. Studying how nonhuman primates react to the process of habituation can help to identify the factors that affect habituation and implement habituation protocols that allow other researchers to speed up the process while maintaining high standards of health and safety for both animals and researchers. In this study, we systematically described the habituation of two groups of wild moor macaques (Macaca maura), an Endangered endemic species of Sulawesi Island (Indonesia), to assess the factors that facilitate habituation and reduce impact on animal behavior during this process. During 7 months, we conducted behavioral observations for more than 7,872 encounters and an average of 120 days to monitor how macaque behavior toward researchers changed through time in the two groups under different conditions. We found that both study groups (N = 56, N = 41) became more tolerant to the presence of researchers during the course of the habituation, with occurrence of neutral group responses increasing, and minimum distance to researchers and occurrence of fearful group responses decreasing through time. These changes in behavior were predominant when macaques were in trees, with better visibility conditions, when researchers maintained a longer minimum distance to macaques and, unexpectedly, by the presence of more than one researcher. By identifying these factors, we contribute to designing habituation protocols that decrease the likelihood of fearful responses and might reduce the stress experienced during this process.

scholarly journals Worker Health and Safety Practices in Research Facilities Using Nonhuman Primates, North America

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 1589-1590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily W. Lankau ◽  
Patricia V. Turner ◽  
Robert J. Mullan ◽  
G. Gale Galland
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Safety Practices ◽  
Worker Health ◽  
Worker Health And Safety ◽  
Research Facilities

Natural normativity: The ‘is’ and ‘ought’ of animal behavior

Behaviour ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 151 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 185-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frans B.M. de Waal
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
Social Behavior ◽  
Goal Orientation ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Animal Behavior ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Social Values ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Ample Evidence

The evolution of behavior is sometimes considered irrelevant to the issue of human morality, since it lacks the normative character of morality (‘ought’), and consist entirely of descriptions of how things are or came about (‘is’). Evolved behavior, including that of other animals, is not entirely devoid of normativity, however. Defining normativity as adherence to an ideal or standard, there is ample evidence that animals treat their social relationships in this manner. In other words, they pursue social values. Here I review evidence that nonhuman primates actively try to preserve harmony within their social network by, e.g., reconciling after conflict, protesting against unequal divisions, and breaking up fights amongst others. In doing so, they correct deviations from an ideal state. They further show emotional self-control and anticipatory conflict resolution in order to prevent such deviations. Recognition of the goal-orientation and normative character of animal social behavior permits us to partially bridge the is/ought divide erected in relation to human moral behavior.

scholarly journals APCs in the Wild: could monitoring and tracking of OA payments help speed up the transition to OA?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mithu Lucraft
Keyword(s):  
Open Access ◽  
Complete Picture ◽  
Adequate Funding ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Do So

Accelerating progress towards full and immediate open access (OA) is reliant on being able to source adequate funding to cover the costs of gold OA. Monitoring and tracking OA payments has created a complex and challenging role for institutions, but is crucial in order to understand the complete picture of the cost of OA. Whilst some institutions have developed methods to monitor OA payments, there remain a high number of "APCs in the wild", or APC payments whose origins are difficult to track. In this presentation we will summarise research Springer Nature has undertaken to explore the tracking and monitoring of APC payments, including interviews and a survey of global librarians, and data from Springer Nature authors to better understand the sources of APC funding, and the motivations and challenges concerning the monitoring of APCs. We will focus on feedback from institutions on the routes to implement better tracking, and on the noted benefits of being able to do so in enabling a faster transition to OA.  

Lost Manhood

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Work Environment ◽  
Mass Production ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Shop Floor ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Auto Workers ◽  
Union Representation ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
And Control

This chapter looks at how the mass-production work regime and the aggressive supervision of work all devalued and undermined an auto worker's sense of dignity and manhood. The brutal technical system established a highly controlled work environment of monotony and degradation. For skilled workers and those who aspired to such positions, the desired autonomy and control so essential for manly independence no longer existed. For others, the vicious speed-up, the endless fatigue, the absence of concern for health and safety, the abusive foremen and supervisors, and an uncivilized work environment all revealed lack of concern for human and manly dignity. Auto workers responded, individually and collectively, positively and negatively, to reframe and to reclaim a sense of their manhood through their sometimes retrograde shop floor behaviors, their efforts to fight back through union representation, and their general devaluation of women at work and in their local communities.

Using Online Content to Study Animal Behavior

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 323-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paige Littman ◽  
Janice Moore
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Animal Behavior ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
Critical Thinking Skills ◽  
High School Biology ◽  
Undergraduate Biology ◽  
Online Videos ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Time Required

Viewing animal behavior in the wild is time consuming, can be costly, and often yields few results compared to the time required. This assignment encourages students to explore animal behavior through online videos while developing research and critical-thinking skills. The approach allows students to get a field-like experience from a lecture-based class and enhances knowledge about behavior of animals beyond the students’ geographic area. In addition, this assignment is consistent with the AAAS's vision of change in undergraduate biology teaching. This assignment is appropriate for both college and high school biology classes that cover animal behavior, ecology, or conservation.

scholarly journals Walking in Each Other’s Footsteps: Do Animal Trail Makers Confer Resilience against Trampling Tourists?

Environments ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
pp. 83 ◽  
Author(s):  
David B. Croft
Keyword(s):  
Animal Ecology ◽  
Animal Behavior ◽  
Large Animal ◽  
Tourism Research ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Fertile Ground ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Evolutionary View ◽  
Trail Cameras ◽  
Large Animals

Modern humans, and other hominins before them, have walked across the landscapes of most continents for many millennia. They shared these landscapes with other large animals, especially mammalian herbivores and their predators, whose footsteps defined trails through the vegetation. Most of the diversity in the wild species is now concentrated in protected areas and visited by large numbers of tourists who may walk amongst them. This review examines the literature about medium-large animal and tourist trampling impacts to uncover any marriage between animal ecology and nature-based tourism research. Methodology is comparable. Animal ecology has focused on the propagation of grazing and trampling effects from a point source (usually water). Tourism research has focused on trail structure (formal/informal, hardened, wide/narrow) and the propagation of effects (especially weeds) into the hinterland and along the trail. There is little research to substantiate an evolutionary view of trampling impacts. At least tourists venturing off formed trails may reduce impacts by following animal trails with caveats, such as risk of encounters with dangerous animals and disruption of animal behavior. This is an under-studied topic but a fertile ground for research, aided by modern tools like trail cameras and geographically enabled devices borne by tourists.

scholarly journals Reaction to Snakes in Wild Moor Macaques (Macaca maura)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clara Hernández Tienda ◽  
Víctor Beltrán Francés ◽  
Bonaventura Majolo ◽  
Teresa Romero ◽  
Risma Illa Maulany ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Novel Species ◽  
Previous Experience ◽  
Alarm Calls ◽  
Head Shape ◽  
Moor Macaques ◽  
Evolutionary Force ◽  
Preliminary Account ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
King Cobra

AbstractSnake predation is considered an important evolutionary force for primates. Yet, very few studies have documented encounters between primates and snakes in the wild. Here, we provide a preliminary account of how wild moor macaques (Macaca maura) respond to seven species of real and model snakes. Snakes could be local and dangerous to the macaques (i.e., venomous or constricting), local and nondangerous, and novel and dangerous. Macaques reacted most strongly to constrictors (i.e., pythons), exploring them and producing alarm calls, and partially to vipers (both local and novel), exploring them but producing no alarm calls. However, they did not react to other dangerous (i.e., king cobra) or nondangerous species. Our results suggest that moor macaques discriminate local dangerous snakes from nondangerous ones, and may use specific cues (e.g., triangular head shape) to generalize their previous experience with vipers to novel species.

scholarly journals Effects of Nearby Construction Work on the Behavior of Asiatic Lions (Panthera leo persica)

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-74
Author(s):  
Leah J. Williams ◽  
Katherine Finch ◽  
Rose Agnew ◽  
Lisa Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Animal Behavior ◽  
Negative Stimulus ◽  
The Body ◽  
Panthera Leo ◽  
Construction Work ◽  
Construction Period ◽  
High Standards ◽  
One Year

In order to be successful and have high standards of animal welfare, modern zoos strive to regularly modify, improve, and build animal enclosures and visitor areas. However, these periods of development could result in temporary durations of sub-optimal welfare for animals housed nearby. In this study, we monitored the behavior of three Asiatic lions (Panthera leo persica) prior to, during, and following a period of construction on a nearby building. Our results provide evidence that welfare may have been temporarily reduced during the construction period. Compared to the pre-construction period, the male exhibited an increase in pacing behavior and all three lions reduced the time they spent resting. We infer that the most significant negative stimulus related to the construction was sound and/or ground vibrations, as a physical barrier ruled out stress from visual stimuli. The behavioral response to the construction work was relatively short-lived and no long-term changes were observed one year on. This research highlights the importance of measuring animal behavior around events outside routine husbandry, and considering animal welfare on an individual basis. Finally, this work adds to the body of literature surrounding the impacts of construction on animal wellbeing and outlines some suggestions for potential mitigation.

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