A bone replacement-type calcium phosphate cement that becomes more porous in vivo by incorporating a degradable polymer

AbstractThis study investigated whether mixing low viscosity alginic acid with calcium phosphate cement (CPC) causes interconnected porosity in the CPC and enhances bone replacement by improving the biological interactions. Furthermore, we hypothesized that low viscosity alginic acid would shorten the setting time of CPC and improve its strength. CPC samples were prepared with 0, 5, 10, and 20% low viscosity alginic acid. After immersion in acetate buffer, possible porosification in CPC was monitored in vitro using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the setting times and compressive strengths were measured. In vivo study was conducted by placing CPC in a hole created on the femur of New Zealand white rabbit. Microcomputed tomography and histological examination were performed 6 weeks after implantation. SEM images confirmed that alginic acid enhanced the porosity of CPC compared to the control, and the setting time and compressive strength also improved. When incorporating a maximum amount of alginic acid, the new bone mass was significantly higher than the control group (P = 0.0153). These biological responses are promising for the translation of these biomaterials and their commercialization for clinic applications.

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In Vivo Behavior of Injectable Fast-Setting Calcium Phosphate Cement

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.336-338.1625 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 336-338 ◽

pp. 1625-1627

Author(s):

Li Min Dong ◽

Chen Wang ◽

Rui Liu ◽

Jie Mo Tian ◽

Qing Feng Zan

Keyword(s):

Calcium Phosphate ◽

Calcium Phosphate Cement ◽

Femoral Condyle ◽

Setting Time ◽

Bone Defects ◽

Control Group ◽

Blank Control Group ◽

Good Biocompatibility ◽

The Right

The in vivo study was performed to evaluate the biocompatibility and osteogenous ability of injectable fast-setting calcium phosphate cement (CPC). Eighteen four-week-old New Zealand white rabbits were divided into six groups randomly, three in each group. According to the principle of selfcontrast at the same time, cavities of 5mm in diameter and 6mm in depth were drilled in femoral condyle of rabbits. The materials were implanted into cavities of the left leg, the right leg as the blank control group. Rabbits were sacrificed at 2, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 24 weeks after surgery. The microstructure of specimens was observed using ESEM. The results showed that injectable fast-setting CPC had good fluidity and plasticity; it could be injected into bone defects and fast-set in situ. The start setting time was 5-8 min and the compressive strength was 25-30 MPa. The CPC had good biocompatibility and osteoconductivity, and benefited to the repair of bone defects.

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Polymeric-Calcium Phosphate Cement Composites-Material Properties:In VitroandIn VivoInvestigations

International Journal of Biomaterials ◽

10.1155/2010/691452 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 2010 ◽

pp. 1-14 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Rania M. Khashaba ◽

Mervet M. Moussa ◽

Donald J. Mettenburg ◽

Frederick A. Rueggeberg ◽

Norman B. Chutkan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Calcium Phosphate ◽

Calcium Phosphate Cement ◽

Setting Time ◽

Cement Composites ◽

Tetracalcium Phosphate ◽

Methyl Vinyl Ether ◽

Orthopedic Applications ◽

Hydroxyapatite Cement

New polymeric calcium phosphate cement composites (CPCs) were developed. Cement powder consisting of 60 wt% tetracalcium phosphate, 30 wt% dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, and 10 wt% tricalcium phosphate was combined with either 35% w/w poly methyl vinyl ether maleic acid or polyacrylic acid to obtain CPC-1 and CPC-2. The setting time and compressive and diametral tensile strength of the CPCs were evaluated and compared with that of a commercial hydroxyapatite cement.In vitrocytotoxicity andin vivobiocompatibility of the two CPCs and hydroxyapatite cement were assessed. The setting time of the cements was 5–15 min. CPC-1 and CPC-2 showed significantly higher compressive and diametral strength values compared to hydroxyapatite cement. CPC-1 and CPC-2 were equivalent to Teflon controls after 1 week. CPC-1, CPC-2, and hydroxyapatite cement elicited a moderate to intense inflammatory reaction at 7 days which decreased over time. CPC-1 and CPC-2 show promise for orthopedic applications.

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In VivoEvaluation of an Injectable Premixed Radiopaque Calcium Phosphate Cement

International Journal of Biomaterials ◽

10.1155/2011/232574 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2011 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Jonas Åberg ◽

Eszter Pankotai ◽

Gry Hulsart Billström ◽

Miklós Weszl ◽

Sune Larsson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Calcium Phosphate ◽

Calcium Phosphate Cement ◽

Bone Ingrowth ◽

Setting Time ◽

Minimal Invasive ◽

Invasive Treatment ◽

Osteoblast Activity ◽

Ct Analysis ◽

Time Strength

In this work a radiopaque premixed calcium phosphate cement (pCPC) has been developed and evaluatedin vivo. Radiopacity was obtained by adding 0–40 % zirconia to the cement paste. The effects of zirconia on setting time, strength and radiopacity were evaluated. In thein vivostudy a 2 by 3.5 mm cylindrical defect in a rat vertebrae was filled with either the pCPC, PMMA or bone chips. Nano-SPECT CT analysis was used to monitor osteoblast activity during bone regeneration. The study showed that by adding zirconia to the cement the setting time becomes longer and the compressive strength is reduced. All materials evaluated in thein vivostudy filled the bone defect and there was a strong osteoblast activity at the injury site. In spite of the osteoblast activity, PMMA blocked bone healing and the bone chips group showed minimal new bone formation. At 12 weeks the pCPC was partially resorbed and replaced by new bone with good bone ingrowth. The radiopaque pCPC may be considered to be used for minimal invasive treatment of vertebral fractures since it has good handling, radiopacity and allows healing of cancellous bone in parallel with the resorption of the cement.

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In Vivo Bone Tissue Formation Induced by Caclium Phosphate Paste Composite with Demineralized Bone Matrix

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.330-332.1091 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 330-332 ◽

pp. 1091-1094

Author(s):

H. Kim ◽

M. Park ◽

Su Young Lee ◽

Kang Yong Lee ◽

Hyun Min Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Animal Model ◽

Calcium Phosphate ◽

Calcium Phosphate Cement ◽

Demineralized Bone Matrix ◽

Bone Matrix ◽

Marker Gene ◽

Tissue Formation ◽

Bone Tissue Formation ◽

Demineralized Bone

Demineralized bone matrix (DBM)-calcium phosphate cement (CPC) composites were subjected to cellular test of osteogenic potentials and implantation in animal model. The expression of osteogenic marker gene from mouse preosteoblast cell line MC3T3-E1 adhered to the DBM-CPC composite was much higher than plain CPC. In addition, the DBM-CPC composite implanted nude mice revealed osteoinduction between the implanted composite and adjacent tissues, whereas the plain CPC induced osteoconduction.

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In vivo estimation of periapical bone reconstruction by chondroitin sulfate in calcium phosphate cement

Journal of the European Ceramic Society ◽

10.1016/s0955-2219(03)00196-1 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 24 (2) ◽

pp. 521-531 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Masataka Yoshikawa ◽

Tadao Toda

Keyword(s):

Calcium Phosphate ◽

Chondroitin Sulfate ◽

Calcium Phosphate Cement ◽

Bone Reconstruction

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A Review on the Enhancement of Calcium Phosphate Cement with Biological Materials in Bone Defect Healing

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13183075 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (18) ◽

pp. 3075

Author(s):

Sok Kuan Wong ◽

Yew Hoong Wong ◽

Kok-Yong Chin ◽

Soelaiman Ima-Nirwana

Keyword(s):

Calcium Phosphate ◽

Calcium Phosphate Cement ◽

Research Effort ◽

Biological Materials ◽

Biological Properties ◽

Comprehensive Overview ◽

Bone Defect Healing ◽

Living Organisms

Calcium phosphate cement (CPC) is a promising material used in the treatment of bone defects due to its profitable features of self-setting capability, osteoconductivity, injectability, mouldability, and biocompatibility. However, the major limitations of CPC, such as the brittleness, lack of osteogenic property, and poor washout resistance, remain to be resolved. Thus, significant research effort has been committed to modify and reinforce CPC. The mixture of CPC with various biological materials, defined as the materials produced by living organisms, have been fabricated by researchers and their characteristics have been investigated in vitro and in vivo. This present review aimed to provide a comprehensive overview enabling the readers to compare the physical, mechanical, and biological properties of CPC upon the incorporation of different biological materials. By mixing the bone-related transcription factors, proteins, and/or polysaccharides with CPC, researchers have demonstrated that these combinations not only resolved the lack of mechanical strength and osteogenic effects of CPC but also further improve its own functional properties. However, exceptions were seen in CPC incorporated with certain proteins (such as elastin-like polypeptide and calcitonin gene-related peptide) as well as blood components. In conclusion, the addition of biological materials potentially improves CPC features, which vary depending on the types of materials embedded into it. The significant enhancement of CPC seen in vitro and in vivo requires further verification in human trials for its clinical application.

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The pH-Dependent Properties of the Biphasic Calcium Phosphate for Bone Cements

Journal of Biomimetics Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/jbbbe.21.3 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 21 ◽

pp. 3-16 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Nuan La Ong Srakaew ◽

Sirirat Tubsungnoen Rattanachan

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Liquid Phase ◽

Calcium Phosphate ◽

Phase Analysis ◽

Calcium Phosphate Cement ◽

Biphasic Calcium Phosphate ◽

Setting Time ◽

Bone Cements ◽

Apatite Formation ◽

Apatite Cement

Self-setting calcium phosphate cement (CPC) has been used in bone repair and substitution due to their excellent biocompatibility, bioactive as well as simplicity of preparation and use. The inherent brittleness and slow degradation are the major disadvantages for the use of calcium phosphate cements. To improve the degradation for the traditional CPC, the apatite cement formula incorporated with β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) with varying concentration were studied and the effect of the pH value of liquid phase on the properties of this new calcium phosphate cement formula was evaluated. The apatite cements containing β-TCP for 10 and 40 wt.% were mixed into the aqueous solution with different pH values and then aging in absolute humidity at 37°C for 7 days. The setting time and phase analysis of the biphasic calcium phosphate were determined as compared to the apatite cement. For proper medical application, the compressive strength, the phase analysis and the degradation of the CPC samples at pH 7.0 and 7.4 were evaluated after soaking in the simulated body fluid (SBF) at 37°C for 7 days. The results indicated that the properties of the samples such as the setting time, the compressive strength related to the phase analysis of the set cements. The high degradation of the CPC was found in the cement with increasing β-TCP addition due to the phase after setting. Apatite formation with oriented plate-like morphology was also found to be denser on the surface of the biphasic bone cements after soaking in SBF for 7 days. The obtained results indicated that the cement containing β-TCP mixed with the liquid phase at pH 7.4 could be considered as a highly biodegradable and bioactive bone cement, as compared to the traditional CPC.

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