Vaccination Rates Among Patients Age 65 Years and Older Who Require Interpreter Services in the State of Minnesota

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Mendoza De la Garza ◽  
Stephanie M. Quigg ◽  
Silvana B. De Lorenzo ◽  
Darrell R. Schroeder ◽  
Paul Y. Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
Interpreter Services

scholarly journals Impacts of a delayed and slow-paced vaccination on cases and deaths during the COVID-19 pandemic: a modelling study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo Libotte ◽  
Lucas Anjos ◽  
Regina Célia Cerqueira de Almeida ◽  
Sandra Mara Malta ◽  
Roberto Medronho
Keyword(s):  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Gaussian Process Regression ◽  
Vaccination Rate ◽  
The State ◽  
National Council ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
Credible Intervals ◽  
Modelling Study

Abstract Background: In Brazil, vaccination has always been cutting across party political and ideological lines, which have delayed its start and brought the whole process into disrepute. Such divergences put the immunisation of the population in the background and create additional hurdles beyond the pandemic, mistrust and scepticism over vaccines.Methods: We conduct a mathematical modelling study to analyse the impacts of late vaccination and with slowly increasing coverage, as well as how harmful it would be if part of the population refused to get vaccinated or missed the second dose. We analyse data from confirmed cases, deaths caused by COVID-19, and vaccination in the state of Rio de Janeiro in the period between March 10, 2020, and October 27, 2021. The classical SIR model is extended to consider the effect of vaccination (efficacy, interval between doses, and vaccination rate) and data sets are regularised using Gaussian Process Regression. The model parameter distributions are estimated using Bayesian inference, aiming to obtain credible intervals in the simulations.Findings: We estimate that if the start of vaccination had been 30 days earlier, combined with efforts to drive vaccination rates up, 31,657 (25,801–35,117) deaths could have been averted. Our results also indicate that the slow pace of vaccination and the low demand for the second dose could cause a resurgence of cases as early as 2022.Interpretation: The government's inaction and lack of a strategic plan to fight the pandemic meant that vaccination started late, leading to thousands of deaths that could have been prevented. Even when reaching the expected vaccination coverage for the first dose, it is still challenging to increase adherence to the second dose and maintain a high vaccination rate to avoid new outbreaks.Funding: Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Supporting Research in the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) and Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq).

Is There a Moral Right to Nonmedical Vaccine Exemption?

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 598-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isha Ann Emhoff ◽  
Ellen Fugate ◽  
Nir Eyal
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
Moral Claim ◽  
Single Source ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
Measles Outbreak ◽  
Vaccine Exemption

A recent measles outbreak in the United States was linked to a single source, yet it spanned eighteen jurisdictions and infected 121 people. Forty-seven states currently allow legal exemption from vaccination on religious grounds, eighteen of which also allow it on philosophical grounds. Recent research usually accepts a fundamental right to vaccine exemption and primarily seeks ways to protect herd immunity while also respecting that right, for example, by keeping the exemption available yet harder to procure or by imposing torts for infection-related injury. We argue that when herd immunity is at risk, any moral claim to exemption from vaccination on conscientious, philosophical, or religious grounds is overridden.Our argument rests on an analogy to a series of situations in which a person puts others at risk through philosophically or religiously motivated choices. In these situations, intuitively, there is no claim-right to compromise the safety of others. Similarly, we propose, there is no claim-right to refuse vaccination, regardless of one's conscience, when refusal is sufficiently likely to seriously affect herd immunity and the safety of others. We also address several counterarguments. The lack of a claim-right to exemption when herd immunity is at risk does not mean, however, that it is always prudent for the state to force vaccination, or even that forcing vaccinations must be legal. Alternatives to forced vaccination may prove wiser and more conducive to high vaccination rates.

scholarly journals Fine-scale spatial clustering of measles nonvaccination that increases outbreak potential is obscured by aggregated reporting data

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (45) ◽  
pp. 28506-28514
Author(s):  
Nina B. Masters ◽  
Marisa C. Eisenberg ◽  
Paul L. Delamater ◽  
Matthew Kay ◽  
Matthew L. Boulton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
United States ◽  
Spatial Clustering ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
World Health ◽  
Local Immunity ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
The Impact

The United States experienced historically high numbers of measles cases in 2019, despite achieving national measles vaccination rates above the World Health Organization recommendation of 95% coverage with two doses. Since the COVID-19 pandemic began, resulting in suspension of many clinical preventive services, pediatric vaccination rates in the United States have fallen precipitously, dramatically increasing risk of measles resurgence. Previous research has shown that measles outbreaks in high-coverage contexts are driven by spatial clustering of nonvaccination, which decreases local immunity below the herd immunity threshold. However, little is known about how to best conduct surveillance and target interventions to detect and address these high-risk areas, and most vaccination data are reported at the state-level—a resolution too coarse to detect community-level clustering of nonvaccination characteristic of recent outbreaks. In this paper, we perform a series of computational experiments to assess the impact of clustered nonvaccination on outbreak potential and magnitude of bias in predicting disease risk posed by measuring vaccination rates at coarse spatial scales. We find that, when nonvaccination is locally clustered, reporting aggregate data at the state- or county-level can result in substantial underestimates of outbreak risk. The COVID-19 pandemic has shone a bright light on the weaknesses in US infectious disease surveillance and a broader gap in our understanding of how to best use detailed spatial data to interrupt and control infectious disease transmission. Our research clearly outlines that finer-scale vaccination data should be collected to prevent a return to endemic measles transmission in the United States.

scholarly journals Household Density and Influences from Family and Friends Shape Vaccine Intent Among Latino Families in the San Francisco Bay Area

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet Wojcicki ◽  
Milagro Escobar ◽  
Andrea De Castro Mendez ◽  
Suzanne Martinez
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
San Francisco Bay ◽  
San Francisco Bay Area ◽  
Population Group ◽  
The State ◽  
Latino Families ◽  
Prior History ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
Bay Area ◽  
Chi Squared

Abstract Background: Latino have had higher case counts, hospitalization rates and deaths during the COVID-19 pandemic nationally and in the state of California. Meanwhile, Latino vaccination rates remain lower than those of non-Hispanic Whites. COVID-19 vaccine nonintent, defined as intent not to vaccinate for COVID-19, among Latino individuals continues to be an issue in the state of California. Methods: Families from three Latino longitudinal mother child cohorts previously recruited in the San Francisco Bay Area were surveyed telephonically from February to July 2021 to assess attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccination and prior vaccination, in general, for themselves and their children. Risk for vaccine nonintent was assessed using Mann-Whitney rank sum non-parametric test for continuous predictors and chi-squared tests for categorical ones. Results: Three hundred and eighteen families were surveyed from the Telomere at Birth (TAB), Hispanic Eating and Nutrition (HEN) and Latino Eating and Diabetes Cohort (LEAD). Approximately 36% from TAB and 28% from HEN/LEAD indicated COVID-19 vaccine nonintent for themselves and/or their children. Risk factors for vaccine nonintent included lower maternal age (p=0.01), concern about vaccine side effects (p<0.01) and prior history of a household members being infected with COVID-19 (p<0.01) and indexes of household crowding including number of people sharing a bathroom (p=0.048). Vaccine intent was also associated with receiving vaccine input from friends (p=0.03), family (p<0.01) and/or coworkers (p=0.02) compared with those who were not planning on getting COVID-19 vaccination. It is possible that those with non-intent have received limited input from families, friends and/or coworkers. Discussion: Latino families living in crowded living situations who may not have received any COVID-19 advice family, coworkers or friends are at particular risk for COVID-19 vaccine nonintent. Community based grassroots interventions that focus on trusted individuals with close ties to the community counseling about COVID-19 vaccination could help to boost vaccination rates in this population group.

scholarly journals A modelling study on the vaccination against COVID-19 in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo Libotte ◽  
Lucas Anjos ◽  
Regina Célia Almeida ◽  
Sandra Mara Malta ◽  
Roberto Medronho
Keyword(s):  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
The State ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Effective Measure ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
Slow Pace ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
Pharmaceutical Interventions ◽  
Roll Out ◽  
Modelling Study

Abstract The long-awaited roll-out of vaccination programmes against COVID-19 from across the globe has fuelled hope for a reduction in the incidence of cases and deaths, as well as the resumption of economic and social activities. Despite being the most effective measure to mitigate the pandemic, especially in regions where non-pharmaceutical interventions had been ineffective, many people suffered from the lack of efforts by government officials to conduct vaccination. In Brazil, vaccination has always been cutting across party political and ideological lines, which have delayed the start of vaccination and brought the whole process into disrepute. Such disputes put the immunisation of the population in the background and create additional hurdles beyond the pandemic, mistrust and scepticism over vaccines. We conduct a mathematical modelling study to analyse the impacts of late vaccination and with slowly increasing coverage, as well as how harmful it would be if part of the population refused to get vaccinated or missed the second dose in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The general framework we propose can be extended to analyse the epidemic situation in any region. Our results indicate that if the start of vaccination had been 30 days earlier, combined with efforts to drive vaccination rates up, about 18,000 deaths could have been averted. Furthermore, the slow pace of vaccination and the low demand for the second dose could cause a resurgence of cases as early as 2022.

Practical Picture Processing

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 338-339
Author(s):  
T. A. Welton
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Damage ◽  
Coherence Length ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Coherent Radiation ◽  
The State ◽  
Energy Spread ◽  
Electron Micrograph ◽  
Picture Processing ◽  
Molecular Skeleton

Various authors have emphasized the spatial information resident in an electron micrograph taken with adequately coherent radiation. In view of the completion of at least one such instrument, this opportunity is taken to summarize the state of the art of processing such micrographs. We use the usual symbols for the aberration coefficients, and supplement these with £ and 6 for the transverse coherence length and the fractional energy spread respectively. He also assume a weak, biologically interesting sample, with principal interest lying in the molecular skeleton remaining after obvious hydrogen loss and other radiation damage has occurred.

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