scholarly journals Young Australians living with parents: free and pay board as popular housing tenure choices

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Chia ◽  
Isil Erol
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Housing Tenure ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Never Married ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Elderly Parents ◽  
Level Data ◽  
High Earning

AbstractYoung adults staying with parents is definitely a growing housing tenure in Australia. This paper, for the first time, unearths individual-level housing tenure choices of young Australians from the household-level data of owning/renting from the 2017 Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia survey. In addition to owner-occupation and private rental, the paper explores the influence of personal characteristics on two types of multigenerational co-residence: young adults who live with parents rent-free and pay board. The results show that, in Australia, young women are more independent in their housing tenure choices (i.e., owning and renting) in comparison to young men. There is a growing trend towards mature and high-earning young people living with parents for free, which might be explained by the aim of saving money to buy a house or investment property and also care arrangements for their elderly parents. Marital status has also a significant effect on housing tenure choices. Never married young adults prefer to live with parents either for free or pay board; while those divorced/separated or widowed prefer to rent privately to maintain their residential independency, after life circumstances changed. This study informs policy makers to provide more support to young adults in a fully or partly independent housing tenure (renting and paying board) in assisting them to climb up the housing career ladder—becoming a homeowner.

Redistribution under the Social Security benefit formula at the individual and household levels, 1992 and 2004

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALAN L. GUSTMAN ◽  
THOMAS L. STEINMEIER ◽  
NAHID TABATABAI
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Social Security Benefit ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Social ◽  
High Earning ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Over Time

AbstractStudies using data from the early 1990s suggested that while the progressive Social Security benefit formula succeeded in redistributing benefits from individuals with high earnings to individuals with low earnings, it was much less successful in redistributing benefits from households with high earnings to households with low earnings. Wives often earned much less than their husbands. As a result, much of the redistribution at the individual level was effectively from high earning husbands to their own lower earning wives. In addition, spouse and survivor benefits accrue disproportionately to women from high income households. Both factors mitigate redistribution at the household level. It has been argued that with the increase in the labor force participation and earnings of women, Social Security now should do a better job of redistributing benefits at the household level. To be sure, when we compare outcomes for a cohort with a household member age 51 to 56 in 1992 with those from a cohort born twelve years later, redistribution at the household level has increased over time. Nevertheless, as of 2004 there still is substantially less redistribution of benefits from high to low earning households than from high to low earning individuals.

scholarly journals Representativeness of individual-level data in COVID-19 phone surveys: Findings from Sub-Saharan Africa

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. e0258877
Author(s):  
Joshua Brubaker ◽  
Talip Kilic ◽  
Philip Wollburg
Keyword(s):  
Survey Data ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Sampling Weights ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Phone Survey ◽  
General Adult Population ◽  
Household Heads

The COVID-19 pandemic has created urgent demand for timely data, leading to a surge in mobile phone surveys for tracking the impacts of and responses to the pandemic. Using data from national phone surveys implemented in Ethiopia, Malawi, Nigeria and Uganda during the pandemic and the pre-COVID-19 national face-to-face surveys that served as the sampling frames for the phone surveys, this paper documents selection the biases in individual-level analyses based on phone survey data. In most cases, individual-level data are available only for phone survey respondents, who we find are more likely to be household heads or their spouses and non-farm enterprise owners, and on average, are older and better educated vis-a-vis the general adult population. These differences are the result of uneven access to mobile phones in the population and the way that phone survey respondents are selected. To improve the representativeness of individual-level analysis using phone survey data, we recalibrate the phone survey sampling weights based on propensity score adjustments that are derived from a model of an individual’s likelihood of being interviewed as a function of individual- and household-level attributes. We find that reweighting improves the representativeness of the estimates for phone survey respondents, moving them closer to those of the general adult population. This holds for both women and men and for a range of demographic, education, and labor market outcomes. However, reweighting increases the variance of the estimates and, in most cases, fails to overcome selection biases. This indicates limitations to deriving representative individual-level estimates from phone survey data. Obtaining reliable data on men and women through future phone surveys will require random selection of adult interviewees within sampled households.

scholarly journals Distributional effects of macroeconomic shocks in real-time

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerstin Bruckmeier ◽  
Andreas Peichl ◽  
Martin Popp ◽  
Jürgen Wiemers ◽  
Timo Wollmershäuser
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Labor Demand ◽  
Time Lags ◽  
Demand Model ◽  
Macroeconomic Shocks ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Policy Responses ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Household Incomes

AbstractThe highly dynamic nature of the COVID-19 crisis poses an unprecedented challenge to policy makers around the world to take appropriate income-stabilizing countermeasures. To properly design such policy measures, it is important to quantify their effects in real-time. However, data on the relevant outcomes at the micro level is usually only available with considerable time lags. In this paper, we propose a novel method to assess the distributional consequences of macroeconomic shocks and policy responses in real-time and provide the first application to Germany in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Specifically, our approach combines different economic models estimated on firm- and household-level data: a VAR-model for output expectations, a structural labor demand model, and a tax-benefit microsimulation model. Our findings show that as of September 2020 the COVID-19 shock translates into a noticeable reduction in gross labor income across the entire income distribution. However, the tax benefit system and discretionary policy responses to the crisis act as important income stabilizers, since the effect on the distribution of disposable household incomes turns progressive: the bottom two deciles actually gain income, the middle deciles are hardly affected, and only the upper deciles lose income.

scholarly journals Assessing Progress in Implementing Uganda’s Nutrition Action Plan

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (4_suppl) ◽  
pp. S142-S150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edgar Agaba ◽  
Amanda Pomeroy-Stevens ◽  
Shibani Ghosh ◽  
Jeffrey K. Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
Child Nutrition ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Scarce Resources ◽  
Maternal And Child Nutrition ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
Key Indicators

Background: The 2011 Uganda Nutrition Action Plan (UNAP) established 2016 maternal and child nutrition targets. However, there is a lack of routine district-level data collection to assess UNAP implementation. Objective: To use Nutrition Innovation Lab (NIL) data to inform policy makers on the progress of UNAP-related indicators. Methods: The NIL collected serial household-level survey data (n = 3600) in 6 districts, including 2 UNAP implementation districts, in 2012 and 2014. Questionnaires focused on food security, nutrition, and health, among others, and included specific indicators relevant to UNAP’s targets. Results: In 2012, outcomes in Kisoro and Lira districts were below national average for some UNAP key indicators, including dietary diversity and anemia prevalence, but above average for others (exclusive breastfeeding and underweight among women and children). The prevalence of child stunting was higher than national averages in Kisoro but below national averages in Lira. In 2014, anemia among women and children decreased significantly. Kisoro also saw improvements in several other UNAP target indicators including underweight, breastfeeding, and stunting. Conclusion: Although the study showed improvements in key UNAP indicators, there is a need to invest in appropriate methods to gauge its progress because the NIL was not designed to assess UNAP. Since the quality of implementation of complex multisectoral programs can differ widely across different contexts, it is critical that effective monitoring of progress be part of such programs. National endorsement of nutrition plans doesn’t in itself result in desired outcomes, hence, the allocation of scarce resources has to be based on rigorous evidence.

scholarly journals All or Nothing: the False Promise of Anonymity

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil Walker
Keyword(s):  
Medical Journal ◽  
Open Data ◽  
International Committee ◽  
The State ◽  
Ethical Review ◽  
Medical Field ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Journal Editors ◽  
Level Data

AbstractIn early 2016, the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) proposed that responsible sharing of de-identified individual-level data be required for clinical trials published in their affiliated journals. There would be a delay in implementing this policy to allow for the necessary informed consents to work their way through ethical review. Meanwhile, some researchers and policy makers have conflated the notions of de-identification and anonymity. The former is a process that seeks to mitigate disclosure risk though careful application of rules and statistical analysis, while the latter is an absolute state. The consequence of confusing the process and the state is profound. Extensions to the ICMJE proposal based on the presumed anonymity of data include: sharing unconsented data; sharing data without managing access, as Open Data; and proposals to sell data. This essay aims to show that anonymity (the state) cannot be guaranteed by de-identification (the process), and so these extensions to the ICMJE proposal should be rejected on governance grounds, if no other. This is not as negative a position as it might seem, as other disciplines have been aware of these limitations and concomitant responsibilities for many years. The essay concludes with an example from social science of managed access strategies that could be adopted by the medical field.

scholarly journals A Bayesian Approach to Linking a Survey and a Census via Small Areas

Stats ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 509-528
Author(s):  
Balgobin Nandram
Keyword(s):  
Weighted Least Squares ◽  
Homogeneous Model ◽  
Projection Methods ◽  
Posterior Density ◽  
Heterogeneous Model ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Dirichlet Model

We predict the finite population proportion of a small area when individual-level data are available from a survey and more extensive household-level (not individual-level) data (covariates but not responses) are available from a census. The census and the survey consist of the same strata and primary sampling units (PSU, or wards) that are matched, but the households are not matched. There are some common covariates at the household level in the survey and the census and these covariates are used to link the households within wards. There are also covariates at the ward level, and the wards are the same in the survey and the census. Using a two-stage procedure, we study the multinomial counts in the sampled households within the wards and a projection method to infer about the non-sampled wards. This is accommodated by a multinomial-Dirichlet–Dirichlet model, a three-stage hierarchical Bayesian model for multinomial counts, as it is necessary to account for heterogeneity among the households. The key theoretical contribution of this paper is to develop a computational algorithm to sample the joint posterior density of the multinomial-Dirichlet–Dirichlet model. Specifically, we obtain samples from the distributions of the proportions for each multinomial cell. The second key contribution is to use two projection procedures (parametric based on the nested error regression model and non-parametric based on iterative re-weighted least squares), on these proportions to link the survey to the census, thereby providing a copy of the census counts. We compare the multinomial-Dirichlet–Dirichlet (heterogeneous) model and the multinomial-Dirichlet (homogeneous) model without household effects via these two projection methods. An example of the second Nepal Living Standards Survey is presented.

scholarly journals Food Security and Dietary Quality in African Slums

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (21) ◽  
pp. 5999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanyama ◽  
Gödecke ◽  
Qaim
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Dietary Quality ◽  
East African ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Slum Dwellers ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The Individual

More than half of Africa’s urban population lives in slums. Little is known about their nutritional situation, as slums are often underrepresented in standard surveys. This study analyzes issues of food security and dietary quality in East African slums using household-level and individual-level data collected in Nairobi and Kampala. The household food insecurity access scale (HFIAS) is used as a subjective measure of food security. Moreover, calorie availability and different dietary diversity scores are calculated based on 7-day food consumption recalls at the household level and 24-hour dietary recalls at the individual level. The large majority of the slum households are food insecure and suffer from low dietary quality. Rates of undernourishment are considerably higher than what country-level statistics report, suggesting that slum dwellers deserve more explicit attention in initiatives to improve nutrition. Household-level indicators are significantly correlated with individual-level indicators for women and children. This means that household-level data, which are easier to collect, can proxy for individual nutrition up to a certain extent when individual-level data are unavailable. Regression models show that household income is one of the main factors explaining dietary patterns. Hence, facilitating access to lucrative employment is an important entry point for improving nutrition in slums.

scholarly journals Key business restart drivers in Slovakia

2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (7) ◽  
pp. 2617-2622
Author(s):  
Anna Pilková ◽  
Marian Holienka ◽  
Michal Munk
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Level Data ◽  
High Level ◽  
Second Chance ◽  
Information Basis

The phenomenon of business restart, also referred to as second chance, proved to be an integral part of entrepreneurial dynamics. Considering the high level of individual entrepreneurial activity (14.2% in 2011, 10.2% in 2012) accompanied with high discontinuance rate in Slovakia (7.0% in 2011, 4.7% in 2012)1, it is important to further investigate key factors which influence business restart in our country. These findings could unveil what helps to preserve the current entrepreneurial activity, which is besides producing more new entrepreneurs another option to secure self-employment and job creation through individual business activities, with positive impact on economic growth in the country.The main aim of our paper is to analyze the issue of business restart in Slovakia through dynamics measured on individual level and to identify the key drivers of restart activity. These findings represent a good information basis for policy makers helping them better understand the characteristics of business restart phenomenon and develop relevant entrepreneurship policies, as well as for further entrepreneurship research.Our research is primarily based on Slovak Global entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) 2011 and 2012 individual level data. We applied binominal logistic regression to analyze relationships between business restart and its potential drivers.

Hasty Pudding Versus Tasty Bread: Regional Variations in Diet and Nutrition during the Industrial Revolution

2012 ◽  
pp. 9-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Horrell ◽  
Deborah Oxley
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Products ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Other Information ◽  
Level Information ◽  
Local Supply ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Nutritional Score

Using parish-level information from Sir F.M. Eden's The state of the poor (1797) we can identify typical diets for the counties of England. These diets varied considerably and afforded very different standards of nutrition. We compute a nutritional score for this diet, paying attention to the presence of vitamins, minerals and micronutrients shown to be essential for health and growth in constructing this measure. Other information in the reports allows us to relate county-level nutrition to factors in the local economy. In particular we find nutrition was positively related to the availability of common land in the area and to women's remunerated work if conducted from home. Lack of common land and little local supply of dairy products also pushed households into buying white wheaten bread rather than baking their own wholemeal loaf. Replicating some of this analysis with household-level data confirms these results. Diet also maps onto stature: male convicts to Australia were significantly taller if they originated in a county with a more nutritious diet. This verifies the important impact of nutrition on stature and demonstrates the sensitivity of height as a measure of key aspects of welfare.

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