Gender Differences in Forgiveness and its Affective Correlates

Journal of Religion and Health ◽

10.1007/s10943-021-01369-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Kinga Kaleta ◽

Justyna Mróz

Keyword(s):

Negative Affect ◽

Emotional Control ◽

Positive And Negative Affect ◽

State Trait Anxiety Inventory ◽

Control Scale ◽

Affective Traits ◽

Dispositional Forgiveness ◽

Significant Difference ◽

And Control ◽

Forgiveness Of Others

AbstractAlthough women are believed to be more forgiving than men, the results of many studies comparing women with men vary. Moreover, little is known about unique correlates or differential patterns of experiencing forgiveness by gender. In the present study, we compared men and women in terms of their level of dispositional forgiveness and its emotional correlates, namely positive and negative affect, anxiety, and emotional control. The sample consisted of 625 individuals aged 19–69, of whom 478 (76.5%) were women and 147 (23.5%) were men. Polish versions of the Heartland Forgiveness Scale (HFS), the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), the Courtauld Emotional Control Scale (CECS), and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) were used. Men showed a higher level of general forgiveness and greater willingness to overcome unforgiveness than women, but there was no significant difference in positive facets of the disposition to forgive. In both genders negative affect, anxiety, and control of anger and of depression were negatively related to dimensions of dispositional forgiveness, and positive affect was positively associated with forgiveness. In females control of anxiety was negatively and in males it was positively related to facets of forgiveness. Gender moderated a number of links between affective traits and forgiveness of self and of situations beyond control, but not forgiveness of others.

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Gleichgültig, verantwortungsbewusst oder überfordert? Eine Online-Befragung zum emotionalen Befinden junger Erwachsener in der Frühphase des Corona-bedingten Lockdowns in Deutschland und Österreich

PPmP - Psychotherapie · Psychosomatik · Medizinische Psychologie ◽

10.1055/a-1591-1305 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Christiane Eichenberg ◽

Martin Grossfurthner ◽

Jeannine Andrich ◽

Sibylle Kietaibl ◽

Stefana Holocher-Benetka

Keyword(s):

Negative Affect ◽

Trait Anxiety ◽

Positive And Negative Affect ◽

Sich Eine ◽

State Trait Anxiety Inventory ◽

Eine Hohe

Zusammenfassung Hintergrund In der COVID-19-Pandemie ist die Einhaltung von gesetzlich angeordneten Präventionsmaßnahmen durch die Bevölkerung von größter Bedeutung, um die Ausbreitung des Virus einzudämmen. Dabei ist davon auszugehen, dass diese mit spezifischen Belastungen einhergehen, die von verschiedenen Bevölkerungsgruppen unterschiedlich gut bewältigt werden. Zielsetzung Erfassung der Akzeptanz und Belastungen bzgl. der gesetzten Präventionsmaßnahmen, aber auch der Bewältigungsmöglichkeiten in Abhängigkeit von soziodemografischen und persönlichkeitsspezifischen Faktoren. Methode Online-Befragung an N=3006 Personen, die während der frühen Phase der ersten Lockdowns in Deutschland und Österreich lebten, mittels eines selbstentwickelten Fragebogens zur Erfassung der Sorgen und Akzeptanz der von der Regierungen gesetzten Präventionsmaßnahmen. Zusätzlich wurden die Fragebögen Stressverarbeitungsfragebogen (SVF 78), Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), Unsicherheitsintoleranz-Skala (UI-18) und das State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) vorgegeben. Ergebnisse Insgesamt zeigte sich eine hohe Akzeptanz der gesetzlich angeordneten Präventionsmaßnahmen. Allerdings sind die emotionalen Reaktionen auf diese nicht für alle Bevölkerungsgruppen gleich: 18–29-Jährige zeigten signifikant höhere negative emotionale Reaktionen im Vergleich zu allen anderen Gruppen. Eine Clusteranalyse an dieser jungen Bevölkerungsgruppe ergab fünf Gruppen, die gruppenspezifische Belastungs- und Bewältigungsprofile aufzeigen. Diskussion Jüngere werden im Zusammenhang mit der Pandemie häufig als besonders vulnerable Gruppe beschrieben. Die vorliegende Studie zeigt jedoch, dass die „Jüngeren“ nicht als homogene Gruppe zu betrachten sind und daher differenzierte Interventionsstrategien anzuwenden sind.

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Enchanted by Your Surrounding? Measuring the Effects of Immersion and Design of Virtual Environments on Decision-Making

Frontiers in Virtual Reality ◽

10.3389/frvir.2021.679277 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 ◽

Author(s):

Sebastian Oberdörfer ◽

David Heidrich ◽

Sandra Birnstiel ◽

Marc Erich Latoschik

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Negative Affect ◽

Virtual Environment ◽

Visual Angle ◽

User Study ◽

Iowa Gambling Task ◽

Positive And Negative Affect ◽

Gambling Task ◽

Common Goal ◽

Significant Difference

Impaired decision-making leads to the inability to distinguish between advantageous and disadvantageous choices. The impairment of a person’s decision-making is a common goal of gambling games. Given the recent trend of gambling using immersive Virtual Reality it is crucial to investigate the effects of both immersion and the virtual environment (VE) on decision-making. In a novel user study, we measured decision-making using three virtual versions of the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). The versions differed with regard to the degree of immersion and design of the virtual environment. While emotions affect decision-making, we further measured the positive and negative affect of participants. A higher visual angle on a stimulus leads to an increased emotional response. Thus, we kept the visual angle on the Iowa Gambling Task the same between our conditions. Our results revealed no significant impact of immersion or the VE on the IGT. We further found no significant difference between the conditions with regard to positive and negative affect. This suggests that neither the medium used nor the design of the VE causes an impairment of decision-making. However, in combination with a recent study, we provide first evidence that a higher visual angle on the IGT leads to an effect of impairment.

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Can emotional expressivity and writing content predict beneficial effects of expressive writing among breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy? A secondary analysis of randomized controlled trial data from China

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291721003111 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-15

Author(s):

Yanni Wu ◽

Dongliang Yang ◽

Biao Jian ◽

Chaixiu Li ◽

Liping Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Negative Affect ◽

Health Outcomes ◽

Expressive Writing ◽

Well Being ◽

Emotional Expressivity ◽

Positive And Negative Affect ◽

Word Use ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Affective Word

Abstract Background To explore whether emotional expressivity and the patterns of language use could predict benefits from expressive writing (EW) of breast cancer (BC) patients in a culture that strongly discourages emotional disclosure. Methods Data were obtained from a recent trial in which we compared the health outcomes between a prolonged EW group (12 sessions) and a standard EW group (four sessions) (n = 56 per group) of BC patients receiving chemotherapy. The Chinese texts were tokenized using the THU Lexical Analyser for Chinese. Then, LIWC2015 was used to quantify positive and negative affect word use. Results Our first hypothesis that BC patients with higher levels of emotional expressivity tended to use higher levels of positive and negative affect words in texts was not supported (r = 0.067, p = 0.549 and r = 0.065, p = 0.559, respectively). The level of emotional expressivity has a significant effect on the quality of life (QOL), and those who used more positive or fewer negative affective words in texts had a better QOL (all p < 0.05). However, no significant difference was identified in physical and psychological well-being (all p > 0.05). Furthermore, the patterns of affective word use during EW did not mediate the effects of emotional expressivity on health outcomes (all p > 0.05). Conclusions Our findings suggest that the level of emotional expressivity and the pattern of affective word use could be factors that may moderate the effects of EW on QOL, which may help clinicians identify the individuals most likely to benefit from such writing exercises in China.

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The assessment of empathic understanding and control of emotions in parents of children with autism

Progress in Health Sciences ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0009.5133 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 108-115

Author(s):

A. Ślifirczyk ◽

E. Krajewska-Kułak ◽

A. Brayer ◽

M. Sobolewski ◽

E. Maciorkowska

Keyword(s):

Children With Autism ◽

Average Level ◽

Emotional Control ◽

Autistic Children ◽

Control Scale ◽

Educational Activities ◽

Empathic Understanding ◽

Potential Contact ◽

And Control

Introduction: Problems of families with autism are generally not visible or manifested, but without support, they become economically and educationally inefficient. Purpose: To assess the degree of empathic understanding of the child and the degree of emotional control by parents. Materials and methods: The study included 30 families from Poland, 25 from Belarus and 28 from France. We used Empathy Understanding Others questionnaire (KRE) and The Courtauld Emotional Control Scale (CECS). Results: The most common difficulty reported in the care of a child was gaining his/her independence (66.7% in Poland, 84% in Belarus, 78.6% in France). Parents from Poland more often (26.7%) than others (12% in Belarus, 3.6% in France) pointed out that the disability of a child caused that their friends turned their back to them. 40% of parents from Poland, 60% from Belarus and 57.1% from France claimed that the spouses accept the disability of the child. The disability induced in parents mainly fatigue (76.7% from Poland, 44% from Belarus, 71.4% from France). The level of empathy in Polish (64.2 ± 6.2) and French parents (64.8 ± 11.6) was almost identical, and the highest was among Belarusian parents (70.3 ± 8.3). Overall rate of CECS of the surveyed parents was at the average level (from Poland 47.4 ± 4.9; from Belarus 44.8 ± 6.1, from France 48.1 ± 6.0). Conclusions: Nurses evaluated their own preparation for educational activities usually very low. In the majority they would not want to take up the difficult role of educators of parents of autistic children. Due to a potential contact of a nurse with a child with autism and the child’s family, it is advisable to extend the knowledge of nurses in the care of a child with autism.

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The role of music-induced emotions on recognition memory of filmed events

Psychology of Music ◽

10.1177/03057356211033344 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 030573562110333

Author(s):

Ljubica Damjanovic ◽

Agata Kawalec

Keyword(s):

Recognition Memory ◽

Negative Affect ◽

Incongruent Condition ◽

Positive And Negative Affect ◽

Affective Component ◽

Test Items ◽

Memory Advantage ◽

And Control ◽

Sad Music

The present study investigated the effects of pairing a comedic movie trailer with emotive music on subsequent recognition memory of the events depicted in the trailer. In an independent groups design, the comedic trailer was paired with happy music (congruent condition) or sad music (incongruent condition). A no music condition served as the control condition. The results showed that participants in the incongruent condition displayed a recognition memory advantage for visual test items over participants in the congruent and control conditions. While changes in self-reported positive and negative affect did not correlate significantly with recognition memory, the perception of emotion-specific categories did. These findings help to establish an empirical basis of ironic contrast techniques and propose an affective component in the integration and representation of audiovisual action that is likely to emerge where a participant perceives or recognizes expressed emotions in music, without necessarily feeling an overall positive or negative affect.

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The Factor Structure and Measurement Invariance of Positive and Negative Affect

European Journal of Psychological Assessment ◽

10.1027/1015-5759/a000252 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 32 (4) ◽

pp. 265-272 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Mohsen Joshanloo ◽

Ali Bakhshi

Keyword(s):

Negative Affect ◽

Measurement Invariance ◽

Factor Structure ◽

Factor Model ◽

Positive And Negative Affect ◽

Cultural Groups ◽

Invariance Testing ◽

The Usa ◽

Scalar Invariance ◽

Gender Groups

Abstract. This study investigated the factor structure and measurement invariance of the Mroczek and Kolarz’s scales of positive and negative affect in Iran (N = 2,391) and the USA (N = 2,154), and across gender groups. The two-factor model of affect was supported across the groups. The results of measurement invariance testing confirmed full metric and partial scalar invariance of the scales across cultural groups, and full metric and full scalar invariance across gender groups. The results of latent mean analysis revealed that Iranians scored lower on positive affect and higher on negative affect than Americans. The analyses also showed that American men scored significantly lower than American women on negative affect. The significance and implications of the results are discussed.

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