scholarly journals Active versus passive academic networking: evidence from micro-level data

2011 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajeev K. Goel ◽  
Christoph Grimpe
Keyword(s):  
Level Data ◽  
Micro Level

Segregation, Integration, and Death: Evidence from the Korean War

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Connor Huff ◽  
Robert Schub
Keyword(s):  
Korean War ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Quantitative Evidence ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Us Military ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The Korean War ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Military Units ◽  
Null Finding

Abstract How does the design of military institutions affect who bears the costs of war? We answer this question by studying the transformative shift from segregated to integrated US military units during the Korean War. Combining new micro-level data on combat fatalities with archival data on the deployment and racial composition of military battalions, we show that Black and white soldiers died at similar rates under segregation. Qualitative and quantitative evidence provides one potential explanation for this counterintuitive null finding: acute battlefield concerns necessitated deploying military units wherever soldiers were needed, regardless of their race. We next argue that the mid-war racial integration of units, which tied the fates of soldiers more closely together, should not alter the relative fatality rates. The evidence is consistent with this expectation. Finally, while aggregate fatality rates were equal across races, segregation enabled short-term casualty discrepancies. Under segregation there were high casualty periods for white units followed by high casualty periods for Black units. Integration eliminated this variability. This research note highlights how enshrining segregationist policies within militaries creates permissive conditions for either commanders' choices, or the dictates and variability of conflict, to shape who bears war's costs.

scholarly journals Invalid Ballots and Electoral Competition

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gani Aldashev ◽  
Giovanni Mastrobuoni
Keyword(s):  
Electoral Competition ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Electoral Fraud ◽  
Parliamentary Elections ◽  
Electoral Outcome ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Rational Allocation ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
High Share

In close elections, a sufficiently high share of invalid ballots—if driven by voter mistakes or electoral fraud—can jeopardize the electoral outcome. We study how the closeness of electoral race relates to the share of invalid ballots, under the traditional paper-ballot hand-counted voting technology. Using a large micro-level data set from the Italian parliamentary elections in 1994–2001, we find a strong robust negative relationship between the margin of victory of the leading candidate over the nearest rival and the share of invalid ballots. We argue that this relationship is not driven by voter mistakes, protest, or electoral fraud. The explanation that garners most support is that of rational allocation of effort by election officers and party representatives, with higher rates ofdetectionof invalid ballots in close elections.

Mass Repression and Political Loyalty: Evidence from Stalin’s ‘Terror by Hunger’

2019 ◽  
Vol 113 (2) ◽  
pp. 569-583 ◽  
Author(s):  
ARTURAS ROZENAS ◽  
YURI M. ZHUKOV
Keyword(s):  
Political Behavior ◽  
Agricultural Policy ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Opportunity Structure ◽  
Political Opportunity ◽  
Opportunity Structure ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Micro Level

States use repression to enforce obedience, but repression—especially if it is violent, massive, and indiscriminate—often incites opposition. Why does repression have such disparate effects? We address this question by studying the political legacy of Stalin’s coercive agricultural policy and collective punishment campaign in Ukraine, which led to the death by starvation of over three million people in 1932–34. Using rich micro-level data on eight decades of local political behavior, we find that communities exposed to Stalin’s “terror by hunger” behaved more loyally toward Moscow when the regime could credibly threaten retribution in response to opposition. In times when this threat of retribution abated, the famine-ridden communities showed more opposition to Moscow, both short- and long-term. Thus, repression can both deter and inflame opposition, depending on the political opportunity structure in which post-repression behavior unfolds.

Effects of Labour Regulation on Manufacturing Firms in India: A Leximetric Approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abishek S. Choutagunta
Keyword(s):  
Case Law ◽  
Manufacturing Firms ◽  
Quarterly Journal ◽  
Indian States ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Industrial Disputes ◽  
Labour Regulation ◽  
Comprehensive Study

Abstract Inefficiencies and rigidities in the supply of inputs caused by strict laws and regulation could lead to distortions in the production structures of firms. These distortions, when magnified, can have adverse effects on the economic performance of a country. The study by Botero et al. (Botero, Juan C., Simeon Djankov, Rafael La Porta, Florencio Lopez de-Silanes, and Andrei Shleifer. 2004. “The Regulation of Labor.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 119: 1339–1382.) among others, has observed that richer counties with social welfare supports tend to regulate labour less than relatively poorer countries; but, these studies concentrate mainly on country-wide or cross-country data leaving out variations exclusively found in micro-level data. This study fills a gap in the literature by conducting a comprehensive study of the effects of labour laws on output and productivity of manufacturing firms in Indian states. Unlike previous studies which measure the strength of labour regulation by interpreting labour laws, this study measures the same by mining information from case-law citations of labour laws and builds an index of labour litigiousness which proxies for the strength of labour regulation. Results show that labour litigation and industrial disputes have significant negative influences on both output and productivity of manufacturing firms.

The Analysis of Conflict: A Micro-Level Perspective

2009 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Verwimp ◽  
Patricia Justino ◽  
Tilman Brück
Keyword(s):  
Global Perspective ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Civilian Population ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Policy Interventions ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Core Message ◽  
Armed Actors

This article introduces a special issue on the micro-level dynamics of mass violent conflict. While most analyses of conflict typically adopt a regional, national or global perspective, often using country-level data, this special issue takes an explicit micro-level approach, focusing on the behaviour and welfare of individuals, households and groups or communities. At a fundamental level, conflict originates from individuals' behaviour and their repeated interactions with their surroundings, in other words, from its micro-foundations. A micro-level approach advances our understanding of conflict by its ability to account for individual and group heterogeneity within one country or one conflict. The contributors to this special issue investigate the nature of violence against civilians, the agency of civilians during conflict, the strategic interaction between civilians and armed actors, the consequences of displacement, the effectiveness of coping strategies and the impact of policy interventions. The core message from these articles is that in order to understand conflict dynamics and its effects on society, we have to take seriously the incentives and constraints shaping the interaction between the civilian population and the armed actors. The kind of interaction that develops, as well as the resulting conflict dynamics, depend on the type of conflict, the type of armed actors and the characteristics of the civilian population and its institutions.

The mineral world

2020 ◽  
pp. 164-194
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Bloxam
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Desert ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Cultural Transformations ◽  
Cultural Methods ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The Social ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Over Time

This chapter considers past and current research of procurement landscapes (quarries and mines) and the extent to which landscape archaeologies, together with comparative and cross-cultural methods in practice and theory have impacted on this field of study. Two case studies are presented in which these new methods of survey and characterization of procurement landscape have been deployed, along the Aswan West Bank and in the central Wadi Hammamat (Eastern Desert). The chapter goes on to address the ways in which holistic ‘bottom up’ approaches to interpreting micro-level data offers us fresh insights into understanding the social organization of procurement within broader aspects of social and cultural transformations over time.

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