scholarly journals Degree structure as trope structure: a trope-based analysis of positive and comparative adjectives

2009 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Friederike Moltmann
Keyword(s):  
Degree Structure ◽  
Comparative Adjectives

Context-dependency and comparative adjectives

Analysis ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 195-204
Author(s):  
J. Hawthorne
Keyword(s):  
Context Dependency ◽  
Comparative Adjectives

Do children interpret ‘marked’ comparative adjectives as their opposites?

1976 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Townsend
Keyword(s):  
Common Error ◽  
Comparative Adjectives ◽  
Behavioural Evidence

ABSTRACTChildren aged 2;6–4;0 were asked questions containing comparative and superlative forms of adjectives from pairs designated as unmarked/marked or simply positive/negative. Children's answers required a choice of one out of five objects. Differences in frequency of correct responses were generally greater between unmarked/marked pairs than between simple positive/negative pairs, but the response of ‘greatest extent’ to marked adjective questions was seldom a significantly common error. Linguistic arguments for the unmarked/marked distinction in comparative adjectives are reviewed, and it is concluded that there is no linguistic or behavioural evidence for a marking explanation of children's difficulty with ‘marked’ comparative adjectives.

scholarly journals FUNGSI ADJEKTIVA KOMPARATIF DALAM BAHASA MADURA DIALEK KANGEAN DAN DAMPAKNYA BAGI MASYARAKAT KANGEAN: KAJIAN PRAGMATIK [The Function of Comparative Adjectives in Kangean Dialect of Madurese Language and its Impact]

TOTOBUANG ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-271
Author(s):  
Mutaallim Hafidz ◽  
Fahmi Reza Alfani ◽  
La Mahidin ◽  
Yuana Dwi Agustin ◽  
Damon Wicaksi
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Note Taking ◽  
Field Note ◽  
Distributional Method ◽  
Written Form ◽  
Observation Method ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Comparative Adjectives ◽  
Participatory Observation

Comparative adjectives of Kangean Dialect of Madurese Language (KDML) are the basic adjectives that has A+D+(-an) stucture or lebbi. This study explored the function of comparative adjectives in KDML and its impact for the Kangean community. The theories used to explore and determine the comparative adjective function are descriptive and pragmatic theories. The research is a qualitative research. The method used in this research is the participatory observation method. The data were obtained from interviews with the dialect speakers by voice recording and field note-taking. Besides, researchers used the introspectiveve method (reflective-introspection method). The data that has been collected were transcribed into written form of orthographic transcription, then translated and classified according to its function. The method applied for analyzing the data are equivalent and distributional method. Meanwhile, the methods used for displaying the results of data analysis are informal and formal steps. The results showed that in KDML, there are several functions of comparative adjectives, namely to motivate, praise, admonish, command, insinuate, advise, criticize and accuse. Meanwhile, the impact of adjective utterances, people become more optimistic, comfortable, easy to appreciate, entertained, strong, cautious, deterred, and humble. Adjektiva komparatif bahasa Madura dialek Kangean (BMDK) merupakan adjektiva dasar yang memiliki struktur A+D+(-an) atau lebbi. Penelitian ini mengeksplorasi fungsi adjektiva komparatif dalam BMDK dan dampaknya bagi komunitas Kangean. Teori yang digunakan untuk menggali dan menentukan fungsi adjektiva komparatif adalah teori deskriptif dan pragmatik. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode observasi partisipatif. Data diperoleh melalui wawancara dengan penutur dialek Kangean melalui rekaman dan catatan lapangan. Selain itu, peneliti menggunakan metode introspektif (metode reflektif-introspekturis). Data yang sudah terkumpul ditranskrip ke dalam bentuk tulisan dengan transkripsi ortografis, kemudian diterjemahkan dan diklasifikasikan sesuai fungsinya. Metode yang digunakan untuk menganalisis data adalah metode ekuivalen dan metode agih dan metode yang digunakan untuk menampilkan hasil analisis data adalah langkah-langkah formal dan nonformal. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dalam BMDK terdapat beberapa fungsi adjektiva komparatif yakni untuk memotivasi, memuji, menegur, memerintah, menyindir, menasihati, mencela dan menuduh. Sedangkan dampaknya adalah masyarakat lebih optimis, peka, mudah menghargai, terhibur, kuat, berhati-hati, jera, dan rendah diri.   

Qualification Frameworks and Field-specific Approaches to Quality Assurance

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-57
Author(s):  
Giuliano Augusti ◽  
Sebastião Feyo de Azevedo
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Quality Assurance ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Bologna Process ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Specific Knowledge ◽  
Peer Reviews ◽  
Self Evaluation ◽  
Subject Specific ◽  
Degree Structure

“General” and “field-specific” Quality Assurance procedures, although sharing many “technical” instruments (self evaluation reports, peer reviews, benchmarks vs. reference points, etc.), have different directions. The motivations behind “field-specific” initiatives are critically presented in this paper. They are strictly correlated with Qualification Frameworks that, while preserving the autonomy of higher education institutions in defining their teaching offers, define common and transparent employability objectives for the benefit of students, graduates and all other stakeholders. However, “while learning outcomes have been generically defined for the degree structure”, it is now necessary “to further develop descriptors for subject specific knowledge, skills and competences. ... leaving still plenty of freedom for programme diversity.” (Bologna Process, 2009a). Qualification Frameworks and field-specific Quality Assurance lead naturally to “pre-professional accreditation” that can be given an international value by “European Quality Labels”.

scholarly journals Structure and Properties of Oxidized Chitosan Grafted Cashmere Fiber by Amide Covalent Modification

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (17) ◽  
pp. 3812
Author(s):  
Jifeng Li ◽  
Ting Fang ◽  
Wenjing Yan ◽  
Fei Zhang ◽  
Yunhui Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magic Angle Spinning ◽  
Covalent Modification ◽  
Primary Amines ◽  
Carboxyl Groups ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Magic Angle ◽  
Structure And Properties ◽  
Carboxyl Content ◽  
Moisture Regain ◽  
Degree Structure

In this study, oxidized chitosan grafted cashmere fibers (OCGCFs) were obtained by crosslinking the oxidized chitosan onto cashmere fibers by amide covalent modification. A novel method was developed for the selective oxidation of the C6 primary hydroxyls into carboxyl groups for chitosan. The effect of oxidization reaction parameters of HNO3/H3PO4–NaNO2 mediated oxidation system on the oxidation degree, structure, and properties of chitosan were investigated. The chemical structure of the oxidized chitosan was characterized by solid-state cross-polarization magic angle spinning carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (CP/MAS 13C-NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and its morphology was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Subsequently, the effect of the oxidized chitosan grafting on OCGCF was examined, and the physical properties, moisture regain, and antibacterial activity of OCGCFs were also evaluated. The results showed that oxidation of chitosan mostly occurred at the C6 primary hydroxyl groups. Moreover, an oxidized chitosan with 43.5–56.8% carboxyl content was realized by ranging the oxidation time from 30 to 180 min. The resulting OCGCF had a C–N amido bond, formed as a result of the reaction between the primary amines in the cashmere fibers and the carboxyl groups in the oxidized chitosan through the amide reaction. The OCGCF exhibited good moisture regain and remarkable bacteriostasis against both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria with its durability.

scholarly journals Classifying equivalence relations in the Ershov hierarchy

2020 ◽  
Vol 59 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 835-864
Author(s):  
Nikolay Bazhenov ◽  
Manat Mustafa ◽  
Luca San Mauro ◽  
Andrea Sorbi ◽  
Mars Yamaleev
Keyword(s):  
Equivalence Relations ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Ershov Hierarchy ◽  
Standard Tool ◽  
Algebraic Properties ◽  
Sigma 1 ◽  
Degree Structure ◽  
Computably Enumerable

Abstract Computably enumerable equivalence relations (ceers) received a lot of attention in the literature. The standard tool to classify ceers is provided by the computable reducibility $$\leqslant _c$$ ⩽ c . This gives rise to a rich degree structure. In this paper, we lift the study of c-degrees to the $$\Delta ^0_2$$ Δ 2 0 case. In doing so, we rely on the Ershov hierarchy. For any notation a for a non-zero computable ordinal, we prove several algebraic properties of the degree structure induced by $$\leqslant _c$$ ⩽ c on the $$\Sigma ^{-1}_{a}\smallsetminus \Pi ^{-1}_a$$ Σ a - 1 \ Π a - 1 equivalence relations. A special focus of our work is on the (non)existence of infima and suprema of c-degrees.

THE SUPPORT FOR THE USE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES UNDER THE ROP FOR THE MAZOWIECKIE VOIVODESHIP IN THE 2007-2013 PERSPECTIVE

2018 ◽  
Vol XX (6) ◽  
pp. 29-34
Author(s):  
Anna Agata Ciechomska
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Main Part ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Spatial Diversity ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Metropolitan City ◽  
Degree Structure ◽  
The Eu

The aim of the study was to assess the degree, structure and spatial diversity of absorption of Regional Operational Programme (ROP) resources of the Mazowieckie Voivodeship in the 2007-2013 perspective in the field of renewable energy. The study used data from the KSI SI MIK database of projects completed and settled in years 2007-2015, supplemented with data from official websites. In the years 2007-2015, there were 2,619 projects completed. Only 70 of them concerned energy (and the Holding Fund – JESSICA). The total value of the projects was PLN 412 200 982.40, which accounted for 3.7% of the value of all projects implemented under the ROP of the Mazowieckie Voivodeship. Among these 70 projects, 16 did not concern renewable energy, but thermo-modernization of buildings, whereas in the next 23 projects, thermo-modernization was the main part of the project. The largest number of projects was carried out in the ciechanowski and warszawski wschodni subregions (10 each), and the least in the płocki subregion (2) and in the Warsaw Metropolitan City – 5. Solar investment was definitely the most popular. However, the analysis of the results indicates insufficient support for the RES sector in the context of the EU requirements.

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