The importance of overbank deposits and paleosol analyses for comprehensive volcanic hazard evaluation: the case of Holocene volcanism at Miravalles Volcano, Costa Rica

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. Ryan ◽  
G. E. Alvarado ◽  
M. McCanta ◽  
M. K. Barca ◽  
G. Davis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Volcanic Hazard ◽  
Hazard Evaluation

Volcanic Hazard Assessment of Poás (Costa Rica) Based on the 1834, 1910, 1953–1955 and 2017 Historical Eruptions

2019 ◽  
pp. 261-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raúl Alberto Mora Amador ◽  
Dmitri Rouwet ◽  
Gino González ◽  
Priscilla Vargas ◽  
Carlos Ramírez
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Hazard Assessment ◽  
Volcanic Hazard

Evaluating Volcanic Hazard Risk Through Numerical Simulations

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 604-615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eisuke Fujita ◽  
Yu Iriyama ◽  
Toshiki Shimbori ◽  
Eiichi Sato ◽  
Kensuke Ishii ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Evaluation System ◽  
Volcanic Hazard ◽  
Input Parameter ◽  
Volcanic Hazards ◽  
Hazard Evaluation ◽  
Solid Materials ◽  
Analysis And Evaluation ◽  
Precise Evaluation ◽  
Multi Phase

As volcanic hazards induce damage with their flows of gases, liquids, and solid materials, a numerical simulation using multi-phase formulation is applicable to the analysis and evaluation of the risks from these volcanic hazards in both normal and emergent periods. A numerical simulation can also be useful for crisis management. Quick and precise evaluation is needed for upcoming and ongoing hazards, and we present here a concept for the development of a volcanic hazard evaluation system for these hazards, a system in which an input parameter database is compiled and countermeasure information is provided by considering the exposure and vulnerability database.

scholarly journals Assessing qualitative long-term volcanic hazard at Lanzarote Island (Canary Islands)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Becerril ◽  
Joan Martí ◽  
Stefania Bartolini ◽  
Adelina Geyer
Keyword(s):  
Canary Islands ◽  
Hazard Assessment ◽  
Volcanic Hazard ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Hazard Evaluation ◽  
Hazard Maps ◽  
Emergency Plans ◽  
Historical Times ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract. Conducting long-term hazard assessment in active volcanic areas is of primordial importance for land planning and to define emergency plans able to be applied in case of a crisis. Definition of scenario hazard maps helps to mitigate the consequences of future eruptions by anticipating to the events that may occur. Lanzarote is an active volcanic island that has hosted the largest (> 1.5 km3 DRE) and longest (6 years) eruption, the Timanfaya eruption, on the Canary Islands in historical times (last 600 years). This eruption brought severe economic losses and forced local people to migrate. In spite of all these facts, no comprehensive hazard assessment neither hazard maps have been developed for the island. In this work, we present an integrated long-term volcanic hazard evaluation using a systematic methodology that includes spatial analysis and simulations of the most probable expected eruptive scenarios.

Identification of Maize Rayado Fino Virus by Immunoelectron Microscopy

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 636-637
Author(s):  
O. E. Bradfute
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Zea Mays ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Normal Rabbit Serum ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
Far North ◽  
Maize Rayado Fino Virus ◽  
Antibody Coating

Maize rayado fino virus (MRFV) causes a severe disease of corn (Zea mays) in many locations throughout the neotropics and as far north as southern U.S. MRFV particles detected by direct electron microscopy of negatively stained sap from infected leaves are not necessarily distinguishable from many other small isometric viruses infecting plants (Fig. 1).Immunosorbent trapping of virus particles on antibody-coated grids and the antibody coating or decoration of trapped virus particles, was used to confirm the identification of MRFV. Antiserum to MRFV was supplied by R. Gamez (Centro de Investigacion en Biologia Celular y Molecular, Universidad de Costa Rica, Ciudad Universitaria, Costa Rica).Virus particles, appearing as a continuous lawn, were trapped on grids coated with MRFV antiserum (Fig. 2-4). In contrast, virus particles were infrequently found on grids not exposed to antiserum or grids coated with normal rabbit serum (similar to Fig. 1). In Fig. 3, the appearance of the virus particles (isometric morphology, 30 nm diameter, stain penetration of some particles, and morphological subunits in other particles) is characteristic of negatively stained MRFV particles. Decoration or coating of these particles with MRFV antiserum confirms their identification as MRFV (Fig. 4).

Social representations of human rights violations: Further evidence

2001 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alain Clémence ◽  
Thierry Devos ◽  
Willem Doise
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Young People ◽  
Social Representations ◽  
Social Reality ◽  
Questionnaire Study ◽  
Human Rights Violations ◽  
High Tolerance ◽  
Individual Actions

Social representations of human rights violations were investigated in a questionnaire study conducted in five countries (Costa Rica, France, Italy, Romania, and Switzerland) (N = 1239 young people). We were able to show that respondents organize their understanding of human rights violations in similar ways across nations. At the same time, systematic variations characterized opinions about human rights violations, and the structure of these variations was similar across national contexts. Differences in definitions of human rights violations were identified by a cluster analysis. A broader definition was related to critical attitudes toward governmental and institutional abuses of power, whereas a more restricted definition was rooted in a fatalistic conception of social reality, approval of social regulations, and greater tolerance for institutional infringements of privacy. An atypical definition was anchored either in a strong rejection of social regulations or in a strong condemnation of immoral individual actions linked with a high tolerance for governmental interference. These findings support the idea that contrasting definitions of human rights coexist and that these definitions are underpinned by a set of beliefs regarding the relationships between individuals and institutions.

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